PH 105

General Physics I:
With Dr. Murray Silverstone

3/12/15

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Thurs. March 12, 2015

Hydrodynamics & Oscillations

Clicker Channel: 44
Reminders:

Check your scores on BlackBoard after each class + a few hours.

Complete Reading Organizer assignments on BlackBoard Learn

Chapter 15 Reading Organizer due now (Thurs 3/12 at Class Time)

Chapter 16 Reading Organizer due Tues 3/24 (class after Spring Break) at Class Time

Complete Homework on MasteringPhysics.com

Chapter 14 HW due Tues night 3/24 (after Spring Break) at midnight

Todays LAB: Archimedes Law

Prepare by Printing out and Reading the Entire Lab, & COMPLETE 2 Copies of the Preliminary Question & the
proof, one to keep and one to turn in when you arrive at Thursdays Class!

Fridays Recitation: online delivery!

Academic Continuity Exercise (available on BlackBoard after class today through Sunday 3/22)
Todays LAB: Archimedes Law
Preparations assigned included Printing out and Reading the Entire Lab, & COMPLETING 2 Copies of the
Preliminary Question & the proof, one to keep and one to turn in when you arrive at Thursdays Class!

Turn in one copy of each now

Ch. 14: Fluids

Hydrodynamics and Fluid Flow

Equation of Continuity & Conservation of Mass

Bernoulli's Equation & Conservation of Energy
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

Ch. 15 Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Motion

Periods & Frequencies

Clicker Questions on: Math of SHM: trig functions & derivatives

3/12/15

Velocity & Acceleration & Force (Newtons 2nd Law!)

Phases

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Problem Clicker Question #1

A block of plastic floats in water. 20% of the block's
volume is above the waterline. What is the density of the
block, given the density of water is 1000 kg/m3?
A. 200 kg/m3
B. 500 kg/m3
C. 800 kg/m3
D. 1300 kg/m3
E. 5000 kg/m3

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o
Vf Vo
f

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

1-20% = 80%
Vf /Vo = 80%
o/f = 80%
f = 1000 kg/m3
o = 800 kg/m3

14.8: Ideal Fluids in Motion: Hydrodynamics!

1. Steady flow: In steady (or laminar) flow, the velocity of the
moving fluid at any fixed point does not change with time.
2. Incompressible flow: We assume, as for fluids at rest, that our
ideal fluid is incompressible; that is, its density has a constant,
uniform value.
3. Nonviscous flow: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of how
resistive the fluid is to flow; viscosity is the fluid analog of friction
between solids. An object moving through a nonviscous fluid
would experience no viscous drag forcethat is, no resistive force
due to viscosity; it could move at constant speed through the
fluid.
4. Irrotational flow: In irrotational flow a test body suspended in
the fluid will not rotate about an axis through its own center of
mass.
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

14.9: The Equation of Continuity

volume flow rate

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Conservation of Mass!

Clicker Question #2
If water is flowing through a tube at a certain
speed and pressure, and the diameter of the tube
suddenly increases by a factor of 2, how does the
speed of the water change?
A. The new speed is the same as the original
speed.
B. The new speed is 2 times the original
speed.
C. The new speed is 4 times the original
speed.
D. The new speed is 4 times slower than the
original speed.
E. The new speed can only depend on the
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

14.10: Bernoulli's Equation

Fig. 14-19 Fluid flows at a steady rate through a length L
of a tube, from the input end at the left to the output end at
the right. From time t in (a) to time t+t in (b), the amount
of fluid shown in purple enters the input end and the equal
amount shown in green emerges from the output end.

1 2
1 2
p1 v1 gy1 p2 v2 gy2
2
2
1 2
p v gy constant (Bernoulli's equation)
2 2
pV 12 mv mgy F d KE PE constant
Pressure x area = force
Pressure x volume = force x distance = work
Density x volume = mass
Conservation of energy (& work-energy theorem)!

3/12/15

If the speed of a fluid element

increases as the element travels
along a horizontal streamline, the
pressure of the fluid must decrease,
and conversely.

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

14.10: Bernoulli's Equation: Proof

The change in kinetic energy of the system is the work
done on the system.
If the density of the fluid is ,

The work done by gravitational forces is:

The net work done by the fluid is:

Therefore,
Finally,

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Acceleration of Fluids

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Pressure Gradient in a Fluid

Fluids cannot pull, they

can only push!
Note: a change in
velocity is an
acceleration which
requires a force!
The force is due to a
change in pressure.
Fnet = p A

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This is an
application of

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Demo: Flow rate Gradient & Pressure

Gradient

Velocity of air blowing out a vertical pipe

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:

from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs,
and TIA
A venturi meter can be used to measure fluid
flow by measuring pressure differences.

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:

from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs
Using Bernoulli's principle, we find that the
speed of fluid coming from a spigot on an open
1
1
tank is:
p0 v12 gy1 p0 v22 gy2
2

1 2
v1 gy2 gy1
2
v12 2g y2 y1
v1 2g y2 y1 (10-6)

This is called
Torricelli's theorem.

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:

from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs
Lift on an airplane wing is due to the
different air speeds and pressures on the
two surfaces of the wing. But

p
v
FNet
m
t
t

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Clicker Question #3
When you blow some air above a paper strip, the
paper rises. This happens because
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

3/12/15

the air above the paper

pressure is lower.
the air above the paper
is lower.
the air above the paper
remains constant.
the air above the paper
is higher.
the air above the paper
pressure is higher.

moves slower and the

moves faster and the pressure
moves faster and the pressure
moves faster and the pressure
moves slower and the

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:

from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs

A sailboat can move against the

wind, using the pressure
differences on each side of the
sail, and using the keel to keep
from going sideways.

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Applications of Bernoulli's Principle:

from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs
A ball's path will curve due to
its spin, which results in the air
speeds on the two sides of the
ball not being equal. Similarly
for tennis balls and top-spin.

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Clicker Question #4
Air is flowing through the top tube,
and colored water in a set of tubes
connected at their bottom is
exposed to the air at three points.
The water level in the middle tube is
______ the level in the left and right
tubes
A. higher than
B. the same as
C. lower than
D.Venturi
Themeter
level
cannot
be
(see Figure 14-50 p. 383 &
determined
with the
problem
14.65)
information given here.
3/12/15

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

Air flows
through the
tube so that it
flows faster in
the narrow
portion

18

Fluid Dynamics Example Problem

A paint sprayer pumps air through a constriction in a 2.50-cm diameter pipe, as
shown below. The flow causes the pressure in the constricted area to drop and paint rises
up the feed tube and enters the air stream. The speed of the air stream in the 2.50cm diameter sections is 5.00 m/s. The density of the air is 1.29 kg/m 3, and the density
of the paint is 1200kg/m3. If we treat the air and paint as incompressible ideal fluids,
what is the maximum
diameter
1
1 of the constriction that will allow the sprayer to operate?
p2 v12 gy1 p1 v22 gy2
D1=?mm
2
2
A) 4.05 mm
v1 A1 v2 A2
B) 8.07 mm
5.00
Air
C) 9.65 mm v A v D v
m/s

A
D
D) 12.2 mm

p gd gd
E) 14.3 mm
1
1
2

paint

paint

p2 p1 v12 v22 gy1 gy2

2
2

1
1 D
1
p2 p1 v12 v22 g y1 y2 2 v22 v22 air v22
2

2
2 D1

1
D2
2
paint gdpaint air v2
1

2
1

1
1
paint gdpaint D14 air v22 D24 air v22 D14
2
2
1
1
air v22 D14 paint gdpaint D14 air v22 D24
2
2
4 1

1
D1 air v22 paint gdpaint air v22 D24
2
2

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D2=2.50cm

paint

1.29 kg m 3 5.00 m s 0.025m

1.29 kg m3 25.0 m2 s2 3.9110 7 m 4
air v22 D24

air v22 2 paint gdpaint 1.29 kg m3 5.00 m s 2 2 1200 kg m3 9.8 m s2 0.125m

32.25 kg ms2 2.94 10 3 kg ms2
2

D14

dpaint=12.5cm

D2
1

D1

1.26 10 5 kg m3 s2
4.24 10 9 m 4
2.97 103 kg ms2

D1 0.00807m 8.07mm

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.1 Oscillatory motion

is periodic in time, that is, motion that repeats itself in time (one
oscillation in a particular period of time, which then repeats).
Examples:
Earthquake oscillations move buildings and bridges
A mass on a spring, pendulum in a clock, vibrations of a ringing
bell, a boat riding up and down water waves, etc.
Microscopic motions of all matter, including sound waves
through the air
The structure of everything in quantum mechanics!

Sometimes the oscillations are

so severe, that the system
exhibiting oscillations breaks
apart.
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

Snapshots of a simple oscillatory

system: a particle moves back and
forth about the point x = 0.
The time for one complete oscillation
is the period, T: the system travels
from x = +xm, to xm, and then back to
its original position xm.
Note velocity vector arrows: at
x = xm, the velocity is zero.

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

Frequency of oscillation, f is the number of

oscillations that are completed in each second.
The SI unit is the Hertz (abbreviated as Hz).

1
T
f
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

Any motion that repeats itself is periodic or harmonic.

If the motion is a sinusoidal function of time, it is called simple
harmonic motion (SHM).
Mathematically SHM can be expressed as:

x(t) xm cos( t )
xm is the amplitude (maximum displacement of the system)
t is the time
is the angular frequency, and
is the phase constant or phase angle

3/12/15

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

Two SHM systems that have different

amplitudes, but have the same period.

Two SHM systems that have different

periods but have the same amplitude.
The phase constant term, , sets the
value of the displacement & the velocity
at time t = 0.
Two SHM systems that have the same
period and amplitude, but different
phase constants.

3/12/15

Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

For an oscillatory motion with period T,

x (t ) x (t T )

The cosine function also repeats itself when the argument

increases by 2. Therefore,

(t T) t 2
T 2
2

2 f
T
Here, is the angular frequency, and measures the change
in angle per unit time. Its SI unit is radians/second. To be
consistent, then must be in radians.
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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The Sinusoidal Nature of

SHM
If we look at the projection onto the x axis of
an object moving in a circle of radius A at a
constant speed vmax, we find that the x
displacement varies as:

xm A, t
x(t) Acos( )

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

The velocity of SHM:

dx(t) d
xm cos t
dt
dt
v(t) xm sin t
v(t)

The maximum value (amplitude) of velocity is

xm. The phase shift of the velocity is +/2,
making the cosine to a -sine function.
The acceleration of SHM is:
d2 x t dv(t) d
a(t)

xm sin( t )
2
dt
dt
dt
a(t) 2 xm cos( t )
a(t) 2 x(t)

The acceleration amplitude is 2xm.

In SHM a(t) is proportional to the displacement, but opposite in sign.
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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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15.3 Force Law for SHM

From Newtons 2nd law:

2

dx
2
F ma m 2 (m )x kx
dt
SHM is the motion executed by a system subject
to a force that is proportional to the displacement
of the system but opposite in sign.
2

dx
2
x The Wave Equation
2
dt

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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Lab Exercise: Archimedes Principle

Door

Course and Section_______

Names ___________________________

Date___________

_________________________________

Screen

Door

Desk

Screen

ARCHIMEDES
R PI N
CI PLE EXPERIMENT
Short Description:
Archimedes' principle states that lan object submerged in a fluid is buoyed by a force that is equal to the
weight
h of t e displaced faIuid. n this rlb, you aewto do xto ep eriments
n ir volving Achi medes principle
involving 1) a metal block submerged in water and 2) a helium-filled balloon.

Equipment: Vertical long rod, clamp, force sensor, metal block+string, plastic beaker, scale
plastic cup, balloon, small weight, He tank (machine shop), water.

PART 1: Density of Aluminum (or copper)

Preliminary questions
1. A beaker partly filled with water sits on a balance. Now a piece of aluminum is lowered into the water
and held by a string so that it does not touch the bottom of the beaker. No water overflows. Does the
weight registered by the scale go up, go down, or stay the same?
2. If the metal in question 1 is suspended by a string from a spring scale or force sensor as in figure (b),
its apparent weight Wapp = T2 will be (W-FB), where W is the true weight of the metal, and F B is the
buoyant force acting on it when it is completely submerged. From Archimedes
r
P inciple,
h show that t e
ratio ofeh t e m tals density
h to t at aof wyst er i g iven b
m
w

W
FB

Last Question in Procedure A

Measured - Expected
% Error =
Expected

(1)

Show your proof in the space below:

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Dr. Silverstone PH105 S002 Spring 2015 L19

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