Energy

Energy Sources and Uses

Coal - Oil - Natural Gas
Nuclear Power
Conservation
Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Cells
Fuel Cells
Energy From Biomass
Energy From Earths Forces

The capacity to do work

heat, light, electricity, and chemical
energy are all types of energy

Energy Sources and Uses

Energy - The capacity to do work.

Work - Application of force through a
distance.
Power - Rate at which work is done or rate of
flow
of energy.
Units of energy
Joule - Amount of work done when a force of
1 Newton is exerted over 1 meter
(or about 0.238cal).
Calorie - Amount of energy necessary to heat
1 gram of water 1oC.
Watt - 1 joule/sec
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Daily Per Capita Human Energy Consumption through Time

Per Capita/yr Energy Use and GDP

The higher the standard of living, the greater the use of energy.
United States: 5% of the worlds population, uses about 20% of the total energy

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Source: Massachusetts

Per Capita Consumption

On average, each person in the U.S. and
Canada uses more than 300 GJ of energy
annually.
In poorest countries of the world, each
person generally consumes less than
one GJ annually.
Richest 20 countries consume annually :
nearly 80% of natural gas,
65% of oil, and
50% of coal production.

Energy Consumption per Capita

Energy Consumption Profiles in OECD and non-OECD Countries, 2000

(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 30 members)

(most Industrialized Nations)

OECD Europe, North America, Japan, Korea, Turkey, Australia, and New Zealand
Non-OECD includes Russia, China, Brazil, Argentina, and other smaller and
developing nations.

Worldwide Commercial Energy Consumption

BP 2003

World Fossil Fuel Consumption

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Renewable Resources
Resources that can be
replaced within a few
human generations.

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Nonrenewable Resources
Resources that cannot be
replaced within a few
human generations.

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Renewable vs Nonrenewable Resources

Nonrenewable
Fossil fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas

Renewable
Alternative fuels
Solar power
Biomass
Hydropower

Ore deposits of metals

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What is a Resource?
Source of raw material
used by society
How can it be used sustainably?

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Resource Management
Maximum Sustainable Yield
(MSY) is :
harvest rate = renewal rate

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IF the

Harvest rate > Renewable rate

Then the renewable resource can
become

Depleted in the short term

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Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels - organic chemicals
that were created by living
organisms millions of years ago,
buried in sediments, and
transformed into energy-rich
compounds
Because fossil fuels take so long
to form, they are essentially
nonrenewable resources.

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Coal Extraction and Use

Mining & drainage dangerous to

humans and the
environment
Coal burning releases
large amounts of
air pollution (CO2,
SO2, NOx , dust,
heavy metals, etc),
and is the largest
single source of acid
rain in many areas.
Economic damages billions of dollars

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One of the largest and most controversial

strip mines is at Black Mesa, Arizona
Partially located on Hopi Indian land
Relies on non-renewable 10,000 year old
groundwater to transport coal slurry

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Oil Extraction and Use

The Middle East control two-thirds of all

known oil reserves.
The U.S. has already used up about 40%
of its original recoverable petroleum
resource.

Drilling - soil and water pollution

Combustion - substantial air pollution
Controversies ANWR, Coastal Drilling

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Photo: Associated press

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Crude Oil Prices

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Natural Gas Consumption

Natural gas
produces only half
as much CO2 as an
energy-equivalent
amount of coal.
Problems:

difficult to ship
across oceans or
to store in large
quantities
Flaring off - wasted

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Nuclear Power

Atoms for Peace in 1953 by Eisenhower

(produce enough power to cheap to monitor)
Nuclear power now produces only about 7% of
the U.S. energy supply.
Problems have made nuclear power much
less attractive than was originally expected :

construction costs and

safety concerns and.

waste disposal.
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Distribution of
Nuclear Power
Plants in North
America

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Nuclear Energy
Two types of nuclear power & both involve
rearranging the structure of the atom.

Fission - splitting of a radioactive isotope of a

heavy element into daughter products (smaller
atoms) with the release of energy
Fusion - joining of isotopes of a light element into
a heavier element with the release of energy.

All commercial energy generation is run by

fission.
The Sun generates heat and light by fusion.
Some nuclear weapons use fusion reactions
but controlled fusion is still in the
developmental stage.
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Accidents???

Chernobyl Bad accident!!! Also

1986
poor reactor design

Three Mile Island - 1979

Public alarm but was
under control.
Reactors in US are
different than the
one in Chernobyl
and are MUCH
safer!!
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Nuclear Wastes

One of the most difficult problems associated

with nuclear power is the disposal of wastes
produced during mining, fuel production,
reactor operation, and decommissioning of
reactors.

Ocean dumping until 1970?

Radioactive mine wastes, mill tailings

Dry cask storage

High-level waste repository - Yucca

Mountain, NV??

Monitored, retrievable storage?

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Arctic Ocean permanently contaminated?

1965+ - former Soviet

Union disposed of 18
nuclear reactors
(7 w/ fuel in the Kara Sea)
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Hanford buried radioactive waste which began

leaking, esp into the ground water & Columbia
River. Shut down in 1960s.
Plant roots absorbed the radioactive material
and transported it to the ground surface.

Nuclear testing peaks in 1950-60s. Trees

absorb cesium which accumulates in
wood.
Wood ash from trees growing during this time
period can be radioactive 100X higher cesium
than other environmental samples.
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ENERGY
CONSERVATION

Utilization Efficiencies
Most potential energy in fuel is lost
waste heat.
as

In response to 1970s oil prices,

average US automobile gasmileage increased from 13 mpg in
1975 to 28.8 mpg in 1988.
Falling

fuel prices of the 1980s

discouraged further conservation.

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Find more
nonrenewable oil?
Eg, Arctic
National
Wildlife
Refuge

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Hybrid
gaselectric
engines

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Energy Conversion
Efficiencies

Energy Efficiency is a measure of

energy produced compared to energy
consumed.

Household energy losses can be

reduced by one-half to three-fourths by
using better insulation, double-paned
glass, protective covers, and general
sealing procedures.
(Indoor Pollution?)
Orient

homes to gain advantage of passive

solar gain in the winter.
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Heat Losses

High heat losses = white, red, orange

(Miller 2006)

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Increasing Home
Insulation

Standard Insulation in U.S. homes = R-12 R-19

Super-Insulated Homes = R-25 R-60
Super-insulated homes in Sweden use 90% less energy for heating and cooling
than typical homes in the U.S.

Mesa Verde NP (SW USA) many energy efficient features

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Domestic Energy Efficiency

Earth-sheltered house in Taos, New Mexico

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Buying energy-efficient appliances can cut your

energy consumption considerably.

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ENERGY RESOURCES:
PRODUCTION AND
Environmental Sustainability Educational
CONSUMPTION
Resources
prepared by
Gregory A. Keoleian

Associate Research Scientist,

School of Natural Resources and Environment
Co-Director, Center for Sustainable Systems
University of Michigan

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Non-Renewable Energy
Sources

Conventional

Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear

Unconventional (examples)

Oil Shale
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

Renewable Energy Sources

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Solar photovoltaics
Solar thermal power
Passive solar air and water heating
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Ocean energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy