ANIMATION

-a pseudo life

Definitions.

Animation is the creation of moving

pictures one frame at a time.
It generally refers to any time
sequence of visual changes in a
scene.
Scenes are displayed with
exaggerated shapes, unrealistic
motions and transformations.

USES(Applications)

Animation has been used for

entertainment(motion pictures and
cartoons), advertising, instruction, art
and propaganda on film or video; it is
also employed on the World Wide Web
and in multimedia presentations.
Animation adds visual impact to your
multimedia projects and WEB Pages.

Computer Animations

These are generated by changing

camera parameters such as:
position
orientation
focal length &
changing light effects

Because scenes must be displayed with

exaggerated shapes, unrealistic
motions and transformations

Advertising animation

Often translation of one object shape

into another
Example: Transforming a can of
motor oil into an automobile engine.

Additional animations

These can be produced by changing

the lightening effects or other
parameters & procedures associated
with illumination and rendering.

Many Multimedia
applications for
both Macintosh
and Windows
provide animation
tools
Eg: A spinning
globe, a flying
butterfly, the
famous DISNEY

Principles of Animation
Animation is possible because of a
biological phenomenon known as
persistence of vision and a
psychological phenomenon called
phi.
When the images are progressively
and rapidly changed the image is
percieved to be moving.

Animation Techniques

Computers have taken a great

deal of handwork out of
animation and rendering
process, and commercial films
such as Jurassic park, Toy
Story and Shrek have utilized
the power of computers.

Animation sequence

Animation sequence is defined with

the following steps:
Storyboard Layout
Object definitions
Key-frame specifications
Generation of in-between frames

1.Storyboard Layout(Rough sketch)

Outline of an action is called story
board.it defines motion sequence as
set of actions that are to take place.
It is a set of basic ideas
2.Object definition :obj definition is
given for each participant in the action.
Objects can be defined in terms of
basic shapes,such as polygon or plines.

Key frame:
A key frame is a
detailed drawing
the scene at a
certain time in the
animation
sequence.

Within each keyframe,each obj is

postioned according to the time for
the keyframe
Some key frames are choosen at
extreme postions in the action;
others are spaced so that time
interval between the keyframe is not
too great

Inbetween Frames

In-betweens are
the intermediate
frames between
the keyframes
Time intervals
for the motion
are setup so that
there are from
3-5 inbetweens
for each pair of
key frames.

General computer animation

functions
Some steps in
generating animation

sequence are well suited to computer

solution.
These include
object manipulation
Rendering
Camera motions
Generation of in-betweens

One function available in animations

packages is provided to store and
manage the object database.
Object shapes and associated
parameters are stored and updated
in the database.
Other object functions include those
for motion generation and those for
object rendering.

Motions can be generated according to

specified constraints using 2D or 3D
transformations.
Standard motions are
Zooming
Panning
Tilting
Finally, given the specification for the key
frame, the in-betweens can be
automatically generated.

Raster animation

This is the most common animation technique

Frames are copied very fast from off-screen
memory to the frame buffer
Copying usually done with bitBLT-type
operations

Copying can be applied to

complete frames
only parts of the frame which contain some

movement

Examples
Ship is redrawn in background colour
Step 1 (erase)
(x,y)

Step 2 (move)
(x,y)

(x+Dx,y+Dy)

x = x + Dx
y = y + Dy
Move ship

Step 3 (draw)
(x,y)

Raster animation - procedures

A part of the frame in the frame

buffer needs to be erased
The static part of the frame is reprojected as a whole, and the
animated part is over-projected.

Computer Animation languages

Design and control of animation

sequences are handled with a set of
animation routines.
A general purpose languages such as
c, Lisp, Pascel or fortran is often
used to program the animation
functions, but several specialized
animation languages have been
developed.

Animation functions include :

Graphic editor
Key frame generator
In-between generator
And standard graphic routine.

Graphic editor

Which allows us to design and

modify object shapes, using spline
surfaces, constructive solid geometry
methods and other schemes.

Key frame system

These are specialized animation

languages designed simply to
generate in-betweens from the user
specified key frames.
Usally, each object in the scene is
defines as a set of rigid bodies
connected at the joints and with
limited degrees of freedom.

Example :single arm robot

Arm sweep
Shoulder swivel
Elbow extension
Pitch
Yaw
roll
It has 6 degrees
of freedom

We can extend the number of

degrees of freedom for this robo arm
to nine by allowing 3d translations
for the base.
If we allow for base rotations,the
robo arm can have 12 degrees of
freedom
The human body has over 200
degrees of freedom.

Parameterized systems
Which allows object motion
charecteristics to be specified as a
part of the object defintions.
The adjustable paramters control
such object charecteristics such as
Degrees of freedom,motion limitations
and allowable shape changes.

Scripting systems

Which allows object specifications

and animation sequences to be
defined with a user-input script.
From the script, a library of various
objects and motions can be
constructed.

Thank you