5.

C PRESSURE CORRECTION

5.C.1 CORRECTION METHODS

5.C.1.A FLOW CORRELATIONS FOR OIL
DUNS & ROS CORRELATION
The Duns & Ros correlation is developed for vertical flow
of gas and liquid mixtures in wells. For water contents
less than 10%, the Duns-Ros correlation (with a
correction factor) has been reported to work well.
HAGEDORN & BROWN CORRELATION
This correlation was developed using data obtained from
a 1500-ft vertical well. Tubing diameters ranging from 12 in. The correlation is used extensively throughout the
industry and is recommended in
wells with minimal flow regime effects.
ORKISZEWSKI CORRELATION
Developed using work from both
Duns & Ross and Hagedorn & Brown.

10% H2O

5.C.1 CORRECTION METHODS

5.C.1.A FLOW CORRELATIONS FOR OIL
BEGGS & BRILL CORRELATION
The Beggs & Brill correlation is developed for tubing strings in inclined
wells and pipelines for hilly terrain. This correlation resulted from
experiments using air and water as test fluids over a wide range of
parameters.
MUKHERJEE-BRILL
Developed experimentally using 1.5 steel pipe inclined at several
angles. This
includes downhill flow as a flow regime. This is recommended for
inclined or horizontal wells.
DUKLER-EATON
Based on 2600 laboratory and field tests to generate an expression for
frictional pressure losses along pipelines. It can be used for horizontal
flow.

5.C.1 CORRECTION METHODS

5.C.1.B FLOW CORRELATIONS FOR GAS
CULLENDER & SMITH:
This correlation is based on gas properties as defined by the PVT, and
a
general friction factor calculated using the Colebrook and White
equation.
Note that when handling a condensate case with equivalent gas
gravity and total rates, the proper gradient and rates are used in
Cullender and Smith to account for the presence of condensate. The
presence of water can be accommodated, based on a constant water
to gas production ratio.

5.C.1 CORRECTION METHODS

5.C.1.C LIFT CURVES
Lift curves usually provide the pressure drop between the well head
and lift curve depth.
External lift curves are discrete data. When using them the pressure
drop calculations are performed by interpolations in the lift curve table
in each of the required dimensions.
Therefore it is recommended to provide as many lift curves as possible
to cover the widest possible range of situations such as varying rates,
phase ratios and well head pressures.

5.C.2 GENERAL CALCULATION METHOD

In vertical multiphase flow calculations the pipe is
divided into small depth increments. The pressure
loss in each increment is determined in a
reiterative process using average pressure and
temperature values to calculate fluid properties.
Multiphase cases are treated using multiphase flow
correlations. In the event that the interpreter has
identified more than one phase rate, Perrines
method* is usually used.
Pressure drop correlations are valid under dynamic
conditions only, not during build-ups or fall-offs.

*Perrines method: Basically replaces the single-phase

compressibility by the multiphase compressibility so that
each fluid is analyzed separately using the concept of
mobility.

5.C.3 CORRECTING GAUGE DATA VS.

CORRECTING MODEL
Correcting the data:
When the intake pressure model has been defined, the interpretation
engineer will decide during extraction to make the pressure correction
to whatever depth is desired. There is an option to create a new
pressure gauge with the corrected pressure.
Correcting the model:
Conversely, when the intake pressure model has been defined, the
interpretation engineer will decide that when generating the model the
model response will be corrected to gauge depth.
The downhole rates are calculated by the model and will therefore
incorporate wellbore storage effects. This ensures that, with significant
friction, there will be no discontinuity in the corrected model when the
surface rate changes.

5.D PHASE REDISTRIBUTION

6.A VERTICAL FULLY PENETRATING WELL

In addition to mechanical skin damage, many other
parameters cause either loss or gain in well productivity.
These parameters include:
1. Wells completed in part of the pay zone.
2. Near-wellbore turbulence
3. Perforated density
4. Slant wells

6.A.1 CONSTANT SKIN

Lets consider that a well has a constant

skin when the additional pressure drop, or
pskin.

6.A VERTICAL FULLY PENETRATING WELL

6.A.2 RATE DEPENDENT SKIN

st=s + Dqsc
where
st = total skin factor
s = true skin factor
D = rate-dependent skin factor,
mmscfd-1
qsc = gas flow rate, mmscfd

6.A VERTICAL FULLY PENETRATING WELL

6.A.3 TIME DEPENDENT SKIN

When it is progressively damaged over its producing
life, the skin may change in time.