Konsumsi Energi dan

Dampak Lingkungan dari

Selubung Bangunan
Agya Utama
Environmental
Technology
The Joint Graduate
School of Energy and
Environment

ENVIMA Co., Ltd

Pattanakarn Rd, TPS
Building, Bangkok,
Thailand

Efek bangunan secara global

Mengkonsumsi :

25% persediaan kayu dunia

16% fresh water
the largest raw materials consumers after food
production

Kontribusi CO2

27% kenaikan CO2 selama 100 tahun terakhir

Energi

Berkontribusi terhadap 25% penggunaan energi

> 40% of the energy usage during use phase,
6-20% energy consumed during production

selubung bangunan
52% material bangunan
20% dari berat total
Mempengaruhi 40-60% load AC

Indonesian Grid emission

Percentage of the Indonesian Grid and source of the pollution, PLN (2004) and Bjorg
(1999)

DIAGRAM pengaruh stakeholder

Land developer

Designer

Simulations

Contractors

Houses

Users behaviour

Scenarios by utilizing
available local material for
building envelopes and its
associate available in the
market

EMBODIED energy
Embodied energy : Energi yang
dipergunakan pada proses sebuah
produk, termasuk didalamnya
penggunaan transportasi, material extraksi
sampai pembuatan material itu sendiri

Typical

55m2 floor and abbreviation of the typical building

Enclosure dimensions

fascia
3.0000

1.5000

0.0900
0.1300

0.1400
0.1100
0.1500

0.1600

0.1400

concrete block
Bricks and concrete walls dimensions and height

bricks walls

PASANGAN BATA

DWc,

CROSS section

bata

plaster

DWb

BASELINE, Crf,
WWb, DG, G70,
WWR

plaster

plaster

bata

air gaps

gypsum

BASELINE study
The studied houses are predominantly made from clay
bricks and clay tiles.

average air conditioning type and power (General brand from

Japan
7000 Btu/h capacity
coefficient of performance 3.2
similar occupant behaviour (4 people: 2 adults and 2 children).

The data was gathered in Semarang using open

interview and questionnaire
floor area ranging from 50-65 square meters.
two bed rooms (one of which is air-conditioned)
considered as middle class homes with a monthly
average family income between five to ten million Rupiah
(USD 550-1100)

SKENARIO
Scenario Crf; Using the baseline as a base case

improve the craftsmanship between gaps, therefore

minimizing air-flow across the gaps. Air movement
occurs from the air leakage due primarily to the
pressure difference of air across the opening [20].
Air barriers
available locally are sealants, rubber tapes and asphalt.

By introducing high quality craftsmanship, and

introducing air barriers, the possible gaps and
openings (especially during the hot season) will be
reduced by as much as 50% of the ACH (0.25 ACH
for ambient air infiltration to 0.1 ACH (0.1 L.s/m2)).

SKENARIO
Scenario DWg; double layer walls with
cavity and gypsum,

half pair brick layers (pasangan setengah

bata)
gypsum plaster board at the inner layer,
air gap with wooden frame (to which the
gypsum is attached) in between.

SKENARIO
Scenario DWb;

Double layer brick wall filled with bamboo, and

a combination between one pair brick layers
(pasangan satu bata) and quarter pair bricks
(see Figure 3).
The pair bricks are used for structural/strength
purposes, and the quarter bricks are used for
creating the double wall within which the
bamboo sheets can be placed

SKENARIO
Scenario WBb; Using bricks made from bagasse

Bagasse is abundantly available as residue from

sugar mills in Asian countries [14][15][16]
Bagasse/sugar cane ash bricks have thermal
properties such as conductivity of about 0.7651
W/m.K at density 1600 kg/m3 [14][16] [15].
The specific heat is higher than regular bricks [14],
suggesting potential to replace regular clay based
bricks.
has a minimum tensile strength of 40-50 kg/cm3
which is sufficient for structural walls (the average
Indonesian bricks are 30 kg/cm3) [14][15].

SKENARIO
Scenario G70; Using single tint glass
(70% transparency)

replace standard clear glass,

has the same thermal properties with clear
glass except a lower transparency
The scenario will use 6 mm thick less
transparent glass and simulate the energy
reduction on an average monthly basis.
the embodied energy of tint glass is 1.86
MJ/kg higher than clear glass.

SKENARIO
Scenario DG; similar to scenario G70, only
addition second layer of glass to the base case. (6
mm thick with an non vacuumed air gap in
between).

additional glass layer inside may cause condensation,

therefore a special design needs to be introduced, such
as creating an opening to the inner layer glass allowing
the gap to be cleaned, and also allowing air circulation
in the gap (reducing the likelihood of trapped humidity).
The option of double low E-value vacuumed glass in
Indonesia is unlikely to be used as it is difficult to find in
the market and, when available, only at a relatively high
cost

SKENARIO
Scenario WWR Reducing Window to Wall
Ratio;

the typical single landed houses in Semarang

have a WWR of 0.45 by using two large glass
windows. Removing one window will then
lower the WWR to 0.22, and has potential
also to reduce the heat gain

SKENARIO
COMB;

The combination would be that of double walls

with cavity and gypsum, lowering WWR (from
0.45 to 0.22), installing double glass with 70%
transparency and introducing air barrier and
improving craftsmanship.

Thermal properties

Thermal properties

EMBODIED ENERGY

INITIAL COST

BREAK EVEN POINT

BEP [years]
Scenarios

Initial

Energy

Cost

Craftsmanship and air barrier

Crf

1.26

3.78

Double Wall cavity & gypsum

DWg

0.70

4.87

Double Wall bamboo

DWb

0.13

2.06

Bagasse bricks

WBb

1.73

7.84

Glass 70% transparency

G70

1.91

75.49

Double glass

DG

1.03

11.49

WWR reduction

WWR

0.77

-2.73

Combined option

COMB

0.67

4.19

KESIMPULAN
The use of local material to reduce the energy
expenditure during the use phase.
Low energy housing is not always about using
high tech material or technology, but knowing the
local material and its characteristics, which can
lead us to a possible life cycle energy saving for
the house through reducing cooling loads.
From all scenarios, reducing the window to wall
ratio has the lowest embodied energy and is
reasonable enough in terms of energy reduction
compared to the baseline.

KESIMPULAN
Double wall with bamboo is promising as it has low
embodied energy as well as low cost.

it is necessary for the government and private sector to

industrialize the bamboo plantations in the near future.
Based on the strong resistance of bamboo to shear load and
pressure [13], walls filled with bamboo can also survive
earthquakes which are common in Indonesia due to its location
between the Eurasian and Australian plates.

Double walls with cavity are being used in case studies

in many countries, and can be implemented in
Semarang.

However, gypsum is not relatively cheap and is therefore located

in the second area of the diagram gradient.

KESIMPULAN
The most rational way to choose the best model (by
additional materials, and not reducing WWR) is to
compare which gradient they are and then compare their
BEP (energy and cost).

DWg, DWb and COMB are the three options located in gradient
or zone 1 and 2 which have reasonably low embodied energy
and a high potential of electricity reduction compared to the
BASELINE. Moreover, if we look at the BEP table it shows that
DWb (Double wall with bamboo sheets) has about 1.6 months
for Energy BEP and need around 25 months for the Cost BEP.
These values are relatively low compared to DWg which has an
Energy BEP more than five times higher, and is more than
double in terms of Cost BEP.

KESIMPULAN
By locating the scenarios on the gradient diagram we can find the
best possible enclosure design in terms of choosing material at a
point where costs are not too high and the initial embodied energy is
also relatively low.
The possible scenarios will not only consider the local material
available in the market, but the designer can choose any materials
available in the global market and locate on the gradient and
expand its X and Y axis to any number depending on the maximum
and minimum scenarios values.
The idea is that the designers, by locating their options into this
gradient and then comparing the Energy BEP and Cost BEP, will get
a better overview of the option they have chosen without calculating
the whole life cycle energy or life cycle cost.
This should be done as a first screening of the building envelope
materials.

KESIMPULAN
increased the electricity price per
kWh by 25% (0.01 USD) (as
seen in the table below).
The cost BEP would be on
average 20% faster if the
electricity bill was increased by
25%.

Cost BEP [years]

Increasing electricity bill

Scenarios

current

By 10%

By 25%

Crf

3.78

3.44

3.03

DWg

4.87

4.43

3.90

DWb

2.06

1.88

1.65

Wb

7.84

7.13

6.28

G70

75.49

68.63

60.39

DG

11.49

10.45

9.19

WWR

(2.73)

(2.48)

(2.19)

COMB

4.19

3.81

3.35

REKOMENDASI
Some households seem to neglect the option to have
low electricity consumption, as the electricity price is
considerably low (~390 Rupiah/kWh or 0.043 USD/kWh)
because of the subsidy from the government [3].
Full support of the government is needed (either by push
factors or pull factors), such as increasing the price of
electricity in certain areas to avoid an impact on lower
income families.

For instance, the energy consumption for households with a

2200 W capacity installed (mostly used by middle class families)
could have a lower subsidy compared to those who have 900 W
installed (push factor).
developing building code which encourages only material with
thermal property values that are beneficial to the hot and humid
climate, therefore reducing heat gains.