MUSCLE and NERVOUS TISSUE

Dr. Dante Roel Fernandez RT, MD,

DPAMS.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lecture session, the student
should be able to:
1. describe and differentiate muscle tissue from
other fundamental types of tissue.
2. list, describe and give examples of types of
muscle tissue.
3. describe the organization of the skeletal
muscle.
4. describe and differentiate nervous tissue from
other fundamental types of tissue.
5. describe neuron and neuroglial cells.

MUSCLE TISSUE

Muscle Tissue
Specialized to contract, or shorten, making

movement possible

Length of muscle cells is greater than the

diameter
Sometimes called muscle fibers because
they often resemble tiny threads
Contains contractile proteins
Three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Muscle fibers
May undergo hypertrophy
May also undergo hyperplasia (for smooth

muscle only)

Skeletal muscle tissue

Meat of animals
Constitutes 40% of a persons body

weight
Attaches to the skeleton and allows for
movement
Also known as voluntary striated
(banded) muscle
Morphology:
Tubular, non-branching
Nuclei - multiple, peripheral in location
With limited regenerating capacity (made
possible by satellite cells*)

Tab. 4.10a

Organization of a skeletal
muscle
Muscular system

Muscle (organ) covered by epimysium

Muscle bundle/fascicle covered by

perimysium
Muscle fibers (cells) covered by
endomysium
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilaments
Actin
Myosin

Organization of a skeletal
muscle

Myofibril

Myofilaments Actin and

Myosin

Skeletal muscle fibers

(interior)

Sarcoplasm
Components:
Myofibrils
Mitochondria
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( with

terminal cisternae)
Glycogen stores
Myoglobin*

Sensory receptors in the

muscle

Golgi tendon organ

Muscle spindles

Motor
Innervation

Motor neuron
Motor end plate
Motor unit

Cardiac muscle tissue

Muscle of the heart
Also known as involuntary striated

muscle
Morphology:

Tubular, branching
Connected to one another by

intercalated disks (contain junctional

complexes)
Nuclei pale staining, 1 to 2 in number
Transverse tubules are larger
40% of the sarcoplasm are
mitochondria

No regenerative capacity

Intercalated disk

Tab. 4.10b

Sarcoplasmic and T tubular

systems
Known as diads.
The T tubule system and sarcoplasmic

reticulum are not as regularly arranged

T tubules are more numerous and larger in
ventricular muscle than in skeletal muscle.
Cardiac T tubules are found at the level of the
Z band rather than at the A-I junction (as in
mammalian skeletal muscle).
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is not as well
developed and wanders irregularly through
the myofilaments.

Smooth muscle tissue

Forms the walls of hollow organs

(except the heart) and also is found in

the skin(arrector pili) and the eyes (iris,
ciliary muscle)
Also known as involuntary, non-striated
muscle
Morphology of the smooth muscle
fibers:
Fusiform, with tapering ends
Lacks T-tubules
Lattice-like arrangement of actin and

myosin

Smooth muscle fibers

Arranged in sheets
Narrow part of one cell lies adjacent to

the broad parts of neighboring cells

Muscle fibers are surrounded by reticular
fibers
Can regenerate
With less mitochondria
A rudimentary sarcoplasmic reticulum is
present
T tubules are absent

Tab. 4.10c

Types of smooth muscle

tissue
Visceral smooth muscles

Possess abundant gap junctions

Relatively poor nerve supply
Function in syncytial fashion
Found in the walls of the GIT

Multiunit smooth muscles

Have a rich nerve supply
Can produce precise and graded contractions
Found in the iris of the eye.

NERVOUS TISSUE

Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized to conduct

action potentials (electrical signals)

Cells:

Neurons
Parenchymal cells, conduct action potentials
II. Neuroglia
Cells with short processes
Support and protect neurons
Participate in neural activity, neural
nutrition, and the defense processes of the
central nervous system.
I.

Characteristics of Neuron:
Excitable or irritable
They respond to environmental changes

(stimuli) by altering electrical potentials that

exist between the inner and outer surfaces of
their membranes.
Can generate action potential
Can conduct action potential
Non-regenerating*

Parts of a Neuron
1. Dendrites
Multiple elongated processes specialized in receiving

stimuli from the environment, sensory epithelial cells, or

other neurons

2. Cell body, or perikaryon (Gr. peri, around, + karyon,

nucleus)

Trophic center, also receptive to stimuli

3. Axon
A single process specialized in generating or conducting

nerve impulses to other cells (nerve, muscle, and gland

cells)
The distal portion of the axon is usually branched
(terminal arborization). Each branch terminates on the
next cell in dilatations called end bulbs (boutons), which
interact with other neurons or non-nerve cells, forming
structures called synapses.

Neuron

Perikaryon

Neuron

Axolemma
Axoplasm
Initial segment of the ax

Neuron
Neurons and their processes are extremely

variable in size and shape

Cell bodies can be spherical, ovoid, or

angular
Some are very large, measuring up to 150
um in diameter; others are among the
smallest cells in the body; for example, the
granule cells of the cerebellum (45 um in
diameter).

Types of neuron: (based on the

number of their processes)
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar/Pseudounipolar*

Gray and white matter

Neuroglial cells
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell
Satellite cells

Astrocyte
Most abundant cell in the nervous

tissue
Functions:
1. Important in the development of CNS
2. Maintains the ECF

of the nervous tissue

(metabolic exchanges)
3. Forms the BBB
4. Scar formation
(repair processes)
5. Structural support

Astrocyte
Star-shaped cells with multiple radiating processes
Extends podocytes in the blood vessel wall
Bind neurons to capillaries and to the pia mater

They have bundles of intermediate filaments made

of glial fibrillary acid protein that reinforce their

structure
Types:
Protoplasmic astrocytes
With many short-branched processes, found in the gray
matter
Fibrous astrocytes
With few long processes, found in the white matter

Astrocyte

Ependymal cells

Microglia
Small, branching
Evenly distributed in the nervous tissue
Nervous tissue macrophage

Microglia
Can be recognized in routine hematoxylin

and eosin (H&E) preparations by their

dense elongated nuclei
Involved with inflammation and repair in
the adult central nervous system
Produce and release neutral proteases and

oxidative radicals

Oligodendrocyte and
Schwann cell

Satellite cells

Nerves
Group of bundles of nerve fibers (dendrites and

axons)
Coverings:

Epineurium
External fibrous coat of dense connective tissue
Also fills the space between the bundles of nerve fibers
Perineurium
Surrounds each bundle
Layers of flattened epithelium-like cells
Joined at their edges by tight junctions
Endoneurium
Surrounds each axon
A thin layer of reticular fibers, produced by Schwann cells

Nerves

Summary Muscle tissue

Skeletal
muscle tissue

Cardiac
muscle tissue

Smooth
muscle tissue

a. Shape of the
cell

Tubular ,nonbranching

Tubular,
branching

Fusiform or
spindle-shaped

b. Number of
nucleus in each
cell

Many
(multinucleated
)

c. Location of
nucleus
d. Presence or
absence of
bands/striations
e. Unit of
structure
f. Example of
organ
g. Regenerative
capacity

1 to 2 (mono- to
1 only
binucleated)
(mononucleated
)

Peripheral

Central

Central

Present

Present

Absent

Sarcomere

Sarcomere

Smooth muscle
fiber

Biceps brachii,
rectus
abdominis

Heart

GIT, skin
(arrector pili)

Limited

None (tidak
boleh)

Pronounced
(boleh!)

Organization of Skeletal
Muscle

Summary Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue is specialized for generation

and conduction of electrical impulse.

Parenchymal cells are the neurons
composed of perikaryon, dendrites and
axon
Supporting cells are the neuroglia

End of lecture.
Thank you very much!