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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Growth and its role in orthodontic patient
management.
Various concepts in growth and
Development.
Theories of growth and their description.
Theories of growth
THEORIES OF GROWTH :
INTRODUCTION
It is fact that the growth is strongly
influenced by genetic factors, but it also can
be significantly affected by environment, in
the form of factors like nutritional status,
degree of physical activity, health or
illnesses etc.
Important theories
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fig of synchondroses
Rejection of Theory :
The theory has been largely rejected for the
reason, that the suture is essentially a tension
adapted tissue. The presence of any unusual
pressure on a suture triggers bone resorption,
not deposition. The sutural membrane can not
withstand any undue amount of compression
because pressure affects its vascular and
cellular components. It is believed that the
stimulus for sutural bone growth is the tension
produced by the displacement of that bone.
epiphysis
diaphysis
Definition :
As in Am.j.orthodontics june 1969,vol
55,number 6. by Melvin.l Moss and Salentine
all responces of the osseous portions of skeletal
units to periosteal matrices are brought about
by the complimentary and interrelated process
of osseous deposition and resorption, the
resultant effect of this is to alter their size and
/or their shape.
functional matrix
periosteal
capsular
Functional matrix
Periosteal matrices
Capsular matrices
( muscles, vessels, nerves, ( neurocranial capsule &
glands )
orofacial capsule )
Acts directly on skeletal unit
Acts indirectly
Skeletal unit :
All skeletal tissues associated with a
single function.
Micro skeletal unit: when bone is comprised of
several contiguous skeletal units, they are termed
micro skeletal unit.
Macro skeletal unit :when adjoining portions of a
number of bone are united to function as a single
cranial component.
Functional matrix
The term functional matrix is by no means
equivalent to what is commonly understood as
"soft tissues," this is, muscles, glands, nerves,
vessels, fat, etc
Teeth as a functional matrix.
Teeth are also a functional matrix, :most
orthodontic therapy is based firmly on the fact
that when this functional matrix grows or is
moved, the related skeletal unit (the alveolar
bone) responds appropriately to this
morphogenetically primary demand .
Capsular matrix:
capsules is an envelope
which contains a series of functional
cranial components (skeletal units plus
their related functional matrices ) which,
as a whole, are sandwiched in between
two covering layers.
Neurocranial capsule:
In neurocranial capsule , covering
consist of the skin and the dura mater.
The composition of this capsule in the
adult is easily stated; these are the socalled "five layers" of the scalp, then the
bone itself, and, finally, the two-layer dura
mater.
Orofacial matrices:
In the orofacial capsule the skin
and mucosa form the limiting layers.
All functional cranial components of the
facial skull arise, grow, and are maintained
within an orofacial (splanchnocranial)
capsule. This capsule surrounds and
protects the oronasopharyngeal
functioning spaces
Neurotrophism
Mechanisms involved in growth,
development, and maturation of tissues
sustained by neural cells would seem to
depend on chemical interactions.
Command
( growth hormone, somatomedins, sex hormone, thyroxin )
In secondary cartilage
In primary cartilage
direct control
Septal cartilage
Lateral pterygoid
muscle activity
Condylar
Cartilage
deviation signal
Regulatory
mechanism
Mandibular growth
Mechanotransduction
Mechanosensing process enable a cell to
sense and to response to extrinsic loading
by using the process of mechanoreception
and mechanotransduction.
mechanoreception: transmits an extra
cellular physical stimulus into a receptor
cell, the mechanotransduction transforms
the stimulus into an intra cellular signal.
Mechanotransduction:
transducing or transforming the stimulus's
energetic and/or informational content into an
intracellular signal. Mechanotransduction is
one type of cellular signal transduction.
There are 2 mechanotransductive
process1) Ionic or electric
2) mechanical- through physical
continuity of the
integrin
transmembrane molecule
Extracellular collagen
INTEGRIN
intracellularly with cytoskeletal ACTIN
Nuclear membrane
Intranuclear process
Regulate genomic activity
Osseous mechanotransduction
Osseous mechanotransduction is unique in 4 ways1)Not cytologically specialized.
2) Evoke three adaptational responses
3)Osseous signal transmission is Aneural.
4)Evoked bone adaptational
response are confined with in each bone organ
independently.
Loading of bone
stimulate initial cells
( loading exceeds
threshold value)
1)
Craniofacial epigenetics:
Broadly speaking, epigenetics refers to the entire
series of interaction among cells and cell products
which leads to morphogenesis and differentiation.
thus all cranial development is epigenetic.
In terms of clinical orthodontics, all therapy is
applied epigenetics and all appliances acts as
prosthetic functional matrices.
Clinical therapeutics includes a number of
epigenetic processes, whose processes of tissue
adaptation by both skeletal unit and functional
matrices.
A resolving synthesis
Morphogenesis is regulated (controlled, caused)
by the activity of both genomic and epigenetic
processes and mechanisms.
Both are necessary, neither alone are sufficient
cause and only their integrated activities provides
the necessary and sufficient causes of growth and
development.
Genomic factors are considered as intrinsic and
prior causes, epigenetic factors are considered as
extrinsic and proximate cause.
Epigenetic processes and events are the
immediately proximate causes of development
and as such they are the primary agencies.
References