VIOLANCE

VIOLANCE
AGAINST
AGAINST
WOMEN
WOMEN

IN
INDI

GIRLS AND WOMEN SUFFERING

GLOBALLY
WHY IS
VIOLENCE
AGAINST
WOMEN (VAW)
HAPPENING?
o Cultural
Cultural Norms
Norms

oo Religious
Religious
Principals
Principals
o War
War and
and Conflict
Conflict

GIRLS AND WOMEN SUFFERING

GLOBALLY
VAW GLOBAL STATICS AND FACTS

VAW GLOBAL STATICS AND FACTS

2013 REVIEW :

o 35% have experienced physical and/or sexual

violence
o 70 % of the women will experience violence
in their life
o 64 million women are child brides
WHO
ARE
41
% in AT
WestRISK
and Central Africa marred before the
Lower
income
agehousehold
of 18
Pregnancy complications leading case of death 15
Illiterate
19 year to
oldlower caste
Belonging
o 140
million girls
women suffered
genital
Have
a partner
who and
drinks/bets,
etc
mutilation

(United Nations, 2014)

INDI
THREE MAIN REGIONS
A

oo Haryana
Haryana (North
(North region),
region),
oo Madhya
Madhya Pradesh
Pradesh (Central
(Central region)
region)
oo Kerala
Kerala (Southern
(Southern region)
region)

DEMOGRAPHICS

oo 623.7
623.7 million
million Males,
Males, 586.5
586.5 million
million
Females
Females
oo Sex
Sex ratio
ratio is
is 940
940 women
women for
for 1000
1000
oo Literacy
Literacy rate
rate :: males
males 82.14
82.14 percent,
percent,
females 65.46
65.46 percent
percent
females
oo Ethnic
Ethnic Groups:
Groups: Negritos,
Negritos, Austrics,
Austrics,
Mongoloids,
Dravidians,
Mongoloids,
Dravidians,
Western
Western
Bracycephals, and
and the
the Nordics.
Nordics.
Bracycephals,
oo Religion:
Religion: 80%
80% are
are Hindu,
Hindu, 12%
12% Islam,
Islam,
2.5%
Christianity, 2%
2%
2.5%
Christianity,
(World Population Statistics, 2013)
Sikhism, 0.7%
0.7%
Buddhist, 0.4%
0.4%
Sikhism,
Buddhist,

DEFINING VAW IN
INDIA
CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

CRIMINAL VIOLENCE
oo

Rape, Abduction,
Abduction, and
and Murder
Murder
Rape,

SOCIAL VIOLENCE
oo

Female feticide,
feticide, eve-teasing,
eve-teasing, abuse
abuse over
over property
property rights,
rights,
Female
forcing widow
widow to
to
commit sati,
sati, harassing
harassing over
over dowry
dowry
forcing
commit
Sati:
Widow burning,
burning, part
part of
of Hindu
Hindu practice
practice rather
rather than
than
Sati:
Widow
secular
Indian, but
but might
might be
be perpetrated
perpetrated regardless
regardless of
of
secular
Indian,
religious affiliation
affiliation (Grey,
(Grey, 2013)
2013)
religious
Eve Teasing:
Teasing: Molestation,
Molestation, "flashing"
"flashing" or
or any
any verbal/physical
verbal/physical
Eve
sexual street
street harassment
harassment that
that falls
falls short
short of
of rape.
rape.
sexual

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
oo

Dowry deaths,
deaths, wife
wife battering,
battering, sexual
sexual abuse,
abuse, and
and
Dowry
maltreatment of
of widows
widows or
or elderly
elderly women.
women.
maltreatment

INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
oo

violence between
between family
family members,
members, acquaintances
acquaintances and
and
violence
strangers
strangers
(Grey, 2013)

TYPES OF VAW IN
PART ONE
INDIA

FEMALE FETICIDE

oo 10
10 million
million female
female fetuses
fetuses are
are estimated
estimated aborted
aborted in
in the
the past
past
20 years
years
20
oo Sons
Sons are
are preferred
preferred in
in India.
India.
WHY -- Allows
Allows poor
poor families
families not
not to
to incur
incur expenses
expenses and
and
WHY
provide dowries
dowries
provide

CHILD MARRIAGE

oo In
In 2005-06,
2005-06, 45%
45% of
of marriages
marriages
were
below the
the legal
legal age
age
were
below
of 18
18
of
oo RISKS
RISKS - Undeveloped
Undeveloped
reproductive organs,
organs, prone
prone to
to
reproductive
hypertensive disorder,
disorder,
hypertensive
eclampsia, pre-eclampsia,
pre-eclampsia, and
and
eclampsia,
postpartum hemorrhage
hemorrhage
postpartum
oo Robs
Robs girls
girls of
of education,
education, health,
health,
a future,
future, and
and their
their live
live
a
(Ahmad, 2010)

TYPES OF VAW IN
PART TWO
INDIA

SPOUSAL ABUSE

oo 2004-05
2004-05 -- Third
Third of
of women
women in
in India
India faced
faced some
some form
form of
of physical
physical
violence
violence
oo 75,000
75,000 cases
cases of
of cruelty
cruelty by
by husbands
husbands registered
registered in
in 2009
2009
oo 88%
88% of
of women
women would
would accept
accept it
it quietly
quietly if
if beaten
beaten by
by the
the
husbands
husbands
oo Study
Study of
of 14,507
14,507 married
married women
women aged
aged 15-35
15-35 in
in 18
18 States
States of
of
India:
India:
35% reported
reported physical,
physical, psychological
psychological or
or sexual
sexual violence
violence in
in
35%
their lifetime
lifetime
their
oo Study
Study of
of 3466
3466 marred
marred women
women aged
aged 15-49
15-49 in
in Tamil
Tamil Nadu,
Nadu, India
India
27% were
were abused
abused in
in urban
urban areas,
areas, and
and close
close to
to 25
25 %
% in
in rural
rural
27%
areas
areas
71.8% justified
justified abuse
abuse perpetuated
perpetuated by
by their
their husbands
husbands
71.8%

RAPE

oo Incidents
Incidents of
of rapes
rapes increased
increased from
from 24,206
24,206 in
in 2011
2011 to
to 24,923
24,923 in
in
2012
2012
oo Committed
Committed by:
by:
(Shakil, 2013)

TYPES OF VAW IN
PART THREE
INDIA
DOWRY

oo Dowry
Dowry deaths
deaths have
have increased
increased from
from 6,208
6,208 in
in 2003
2003 to
to 8,233
8,233 in
in
2012
2012
oo Torture
Torture and
and cruelty
cruelty reported
reported between
between 8,000
8,000 to
to 13,000
13,000 in
in many
many
States
States
oo Cruelty
Cruelty by
by husbands/relatives
husbands/relatives increased
increased from
from 50,703
50,703 in
in 03
03 to
to
81,344 in
in 08
08
81,344
29,669 dowry
dowry death
death cases
cases still
still pending
pending trial
trial in
in 2012
2012
29,669
Mothers-in-laws are
are the
the most
most likely
likely to
to be
be convicted,
convicted, and
and
Mothers-in-laws
serve custodial
custodial sentences
sentences
serve

WITCH HUNTS AND PERSECUTION OF WIDOWS

oo
oo
oo

Frequent in
in tribal
tribal areas
areas over
over property
property rights
rights
Frequent
Used to
to get
get rid
rid of
of any
any women
women who
who oppose
oppose the
the men
men
Used
A method
method to
to dispose
dispose of
of widows
widows and
and unmarried
unmarried pregnant
pregnant
A
women
women
oo Instigator
Instigator will
will mobilize
mobilize a
a whole
whole community
community to
to target
target the
the victim
victim
Gangoli, & Gill, 2013)
Police are
are hindered
hindered in
in obtain
obtain evidence
evidence and
and(Rew,
witness
Police
witness

CONTRIBUITING
FACTORS
CULTURAL, TRADITIONAL,
TRADITIONAL,
AND RELIGIOUS
RELIGIOUS TABOOS
TABOOS
CULTURAL,
AND

oo India
India has
has deeply
deeply rooted
rooted norms
norms that
that reinforce
reinforce patriarchy
patriarchy
oo Wife
Wife beatings
beatings and
and dowries
dowries are
are socially
socially tolerated
tolerated
oo Authorities
Authorities unsupportive
unsupportive -- traditional
traditional belief
belief in
in the
the sanctity
sanctity of
of
the family
family unit
unit
the
oo Wife
Wife battering
battering is
is a
a private
private matter
matter has
has silenced
silenced many
many of
of the
the
victims
victims
85% of
of women
women who
who experienced
experienced sexual
sexual violence
violence told
told nobody
nobody
85%
Cases of
of rape
rape are
are not
not reported
reported because
because of
of social
social stigma
stigma
Cases

POVERTY
POVERTY
oo A
A girl
girl is
is a
a financial
financial burden
burden to
to a
a family:
family:

A girl
girl is
is financially
financially limited
limited to
to provide
provide for
for her
her family
family
A

LACK OF
OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION
LACK
oo Rural
Rural women
women have
have no
no knowledge
knowledge of
of the
the laws
laws set
set to
to protect
protect
them
them
oo Girls
Girls are
are thought
thought a
a curriculum
curriculum to
to become
become good
good housewives
housewives
Education for
for girls
girls entail
entail health,
health, home
home management,
management, cultural
cultural
Education
heritage
heritage

LOW STATUS
STATUS OF
OF WOMEN
WOMEN
LOW

(Manjrekar, 2011)

IMPACT OF VAW AND HEALTH

RISKS
oo Depression,
Depression, posttraumatic
posttraumatic stress
stress disorder,
disorder, anxiety,
anxiety, eating
eating

disorders general
general
psychological distress,
distress, neurosis,
neurosis, chronic
chronic pain,
pain,
disorders
psychological
sexualized behavior,
behavior, school/learning
school/learning problems;
problems; and
and behavior
behavior
sexualized
problems including
including substance
substance abuse,
abuse, destructive
destructive behavior,
behavior,
problems
criminality, and
and suicide.
suicide.
criminality,
oo 69.2%
69.2% of
of sexually
sexually abused
abused girls
girls suffered
suffered from
from moderate
moderate or
or severe
severe
depression
compared with
with 27.5%
27.5% of
of non-sexually
non-sexually abused
abused girls
girls
depression
compared
oo Since
Since 2001
2001 to
to 2012
2012 a
a total
total of
of 91,202
91,202 dowry
dowry deaths
deaths were
were reported
reported
in India
India
in
oo Partner
Partner violence
violence health
health problems:
problems:
6 percent
percent greater
greater odds
odds of
of having
having a
a low-birthweight
low-birthweight baby
baby
6
Twice as
as likely
likely to
to have
have aninduced
aninduced abortion
abortion
Twice
Twice as
as likely
likely to
to experiencedepression
experiencedepression
Twice
1.5 times
times more
more likelyto
likelyto acquire
acquire HIV,
HIV, and
and 1.6
1.6 times
times more
more likely
likely
1.5
to havesyphilis
havesyphilis
to
(Deb, 2013) (WHO, 2014)

PREVENTION
METHODS
INVOLVING MEN

o Positive role models for eliminating violence by influencing other

men
Acting as male educators
Portraying positive attitudes and nonviolent behavior, and by
Demonstrating respect for women
o Coaching Boys Into Men (CBIM) program
Utilizes three principals: role modeling, gender transformation,
and creating a safe, supportive, and positive behaviors
Coaches teach young athletes against gender based violence
in Indian clubs
Evaluation study indicated a shift in gender biased attitudes

MEDIA

o Individuals and groups promoting women's rights through the

help of NGOs
Bell Bajao Ring the Bell
media campaign where men take an active role in stopping
the violence
(Sayem, 2012)

POLICY
AND
PART ONE
ISSUES

PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ACT

(PCNDT)

oo Prohibits
Prohibits sex
sex selection
selection before
before or
or after
after conception
conception
oo Evidence
Evidence for
for Policy:
Policy:
37 million
million missing
missing unborn
unborn girls
girls due
due to
to sex
sex selective
selective
37
abortions
abortions
Excess female
female infant
infant mortality
mortality due
due to
to cultural
cultural preference
preference
Excess
for sons
sons
for
oo Enforcement
Enforcement of
of policy:
policy:
2013 a
a Hospital
Hospital closed
closed down
down for
for blatant
blatant discloser
discloser of
of unborn
unborn
2013
sex
sex
Five doctors
doctors arrested
arrested for
for bribes
bribes in
in exchange
exchange for
for infant
infant
Five
gender test
test
gender

THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL

OFFENCES ACT, 2012

oo Protect
Protect children
children below
below 18
18 from
from sexual
sexual assault,
assault, harassment,
harassment, and
and
pornography
pornography
(Nandi & Deolalikar, 2013)
oo Evidence
Evidence for
for Policy:
Policy:

POLICY AND
PART TWO
ISSUES
NIRBHAYA FUND INITIATIVE

NIRBHAYA FUND INITIATIVE

oo Policy
Policy to
to allocate
allocate funds
funds to
to empower
empower women
women and
and address
address VAW
VAW
oo Evidence
Evidence for
for Policy:
Policy:
16,000 cases
cases of
of rape
rape in
in 2002
2002 has
has jumped
jumped to
to over
over 24,000
24,000
16,000
cases in
in 2012
2012
cases
In 2012
2012 half
half of
of women
women raped
raped were
were 18
18 -30
-30 years
years of
of age
age
In
4% were
were below
below age
age of
of 18
18
4%
oo Enforcement
Enforcement of
of policy:
policy:
Since December
December 2013
2013 nothing
nothing has
has been
been done
done or
or
Since
implemented
implemented
133,000 rape
rape cases
cases waiting
waiting for
for trial
trial
133,000
INTEGRATED
Political bickering
bickering
COMPUTER
and disputes
disputes
AIDED
over
DISPATCH
policy
Political
and
over
policy
o Policy to use technology to establish a emergency response
system for
women who may encounter violence
o System of panic and emergency alarms and buttons on devices
and mobile
phone applications, racked by Emergency
Response unites
(Roche, 2014)

NURSING
IMPLICAIONS
PROBLEMS WITH
CURRENT INDIAN INTERVENTION
SYSTEM

oo Two
Two finger
finger test"
test" remains
remains in
in India's
India's medical
medical school
school textbooks
textbooks to
to
examine and
and treat
treat victims
victims of
of sexual
sexual violence
violence
examine
oo Uses
Uses outdated
outdated forms
forms and
and lack
lack examination
examination kits
kits
oo Medical
Medical staff
staff neglect
neglect to
to offer
offer further
further treatment
treatment or
or preventive
preventive
care, such
such as
as emergency
emergency contraception
contraception or
or HIV
HIV tests
tests
care,

SOLUTION FOR THE HEALTH ISSUE

oo Communication
Communication Line
Line
Contacting local
local collages
collages in
in India
India and
and establishing
establishing a
a
Contacting
dialogue
dialogue
oo Educational
Educational Resources
Resources And
And Material
Material
Gather, compile,
compile, and
and assemble
assemble educational
educational resources
resources
Gather,
Maryland Coalition
Coalition Against
Against Sexual
Sexual Assault
Assault
Maryland
End Violence
Violence Against
Against Women
Women International
International
End
oo Supplies
Supplies
Free testing
testing kits
kits -- STDs
STDs and
and forensic
forensic evidence
evidence gathering
gathering
Free
IWTK.org and
and RAINN.org
RAINN.org
IWTK.org
(Jain, 2013)

ETHICS AND HUMAN

RIGTHS
FEMALE
FETICIDE ISSUS

Human rights
rights violation
violation that
that India
India is
is facing
facing and
and directly
directly impacts
impacts
Human
violence against
against women
women
violence
Ethical Issue:
Issue:
Ethical
oo Being
Being committed
committed due
due to
to the
the concept
concept of
of dowry
dowry
oo Superstitious
Superstitious beliefs
beliefs
If female
female child
child is
is killed,
killed, the
the next
next child
child is
is sure
sure to
to be
be a
a
If
male
male
Female children
children bring
bring ill-luck
ill-luck to
to the
the family
family
Female

WIFE BEATING

Culturally accepted
accepted and
and promoted
promoted by
by unequal
unequal gender
gender power
power
Culturally
distribution
distribution
Ethical Issue:
Issue:
Ethical
oo Intimidation,
Intimidation, bullying,
bullying, and
and domination
domination of
of the
the weak
weak by
by a
a
superior group
group
superior
oo Women
Women of
of India
India have
have no
no means
means of
of escaping
escaping without
without access
access
for help
help
for
oo Lack
Lack of
of education
education and
and knowledge
knowledge
and
barriers
are V.stacked
stacked
(Jena, 2011)
(Mahapatro,
R. Gupta,
Gupta, &
and
barriers
are
Kundu, 2011)

OPPORTUNITIES FOR
PART ONE
ADVOCACY

JUDITHS READING ROOM

Freedom through
through literacy
literacy by
by building
building libraries
libraries where
where ever
ever possible
possible
Freedom
oo Headquartered
Headquartered in
in Lehigh
Lehigh Valley,
Valley, PA
PA
oo 2011,
2011, set
set up
up a
a library
library to
to help
help girls
girls in
in a
a remote
remote village
village in
in India.
India.
oo Supports
Supports a
a vocational
vocational school
school for
for girls
girls in
in India
India and
and
oo Has
Has set
set up
up connections
connections to
to enable
enable a
a steady
steady supply
supply of
of books
books and
and
supplies
supplies
How to
to Help:
Help:
How
oo Collect
Collect and
and donate
donate books
books to
to Judiths
Judiths Reading
Reading Room
Room
oo volunteer
volunteer to
to drive
drive the
the books
books little
little over
over an
an hour
hour away
away from
from PA!
PA!

U.S. GOVERNMENT AID TO INDIA FOR GIRLS AND

WOMEN

Millions in
in aid,
aid, in
in the
the form
form of
of loans
loans and
and government
government grants,
grants, to
to India
India
Millions
each year
year
each
oo Contact
Contact USAID.com
USAID.com and
and leave
leave comments
comments on
on the
the contact
contact page
page
about aid
aid distribution
distribution for
for VAW
VAW causes
causes
about
oo Contact
Contact the
the your
your Representative
Representative and
and inform
inform them
them of
of VAW
VAW

OPPORTUNITIES FOR
PART TWO
ADVOCACY
VOLUNTEERING SERVICES

VOLUNTEERING SERVICES

Passionate? Motivated?
Motivated? Ambitions?
Ambitions? Adventurous?
Adventurous?
Passionate?
VOLUNTEER IN
IN INDIA:
INDIA:
VOLUNTEER
oo Organizes
Organizes and
and to
to provides
provides a
a unique
unique and
and fulfilling
fulfilling volunteer
volunteer
placement
service for
for travelers
travelers and
and volunteers
volunteers
placement
service
oo Strives
Strives to
to make
make the
the experience
experience carefree
carefree by
by arranging
arranging
everything from
from arrival
arrival till
till departure
departure
everything
FOUNDATION FOR
FOR SUSTAINABLE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT ::
FOUNDATION
oo Provides
Provides internships,
internships, ProCorps
ProCorps volunteering,
volunteering, and
and Global
Global
Service Trips
Trips
Service
oo Work
Work with
with local
local program
program directors
directors and
and coordinators
coordinators form
form
the U.S.
U.S.
the
oo Use
Use developmental
developmental tools
tools to
to impact
impact health,
health, economic,
economic,
environmental, educational,
educational, and
and human
human rights
rights
environmental,

DONATIONS

Donate to
to NGOs
NGOs
Donate
oo Careindia.org
Careindia.org -- Click
Click the
the Donate
Donate Now
Now button
button on
on website
website

PERSONAL
PART ONE
ACTIVISM
FOCUSED
ACTIVISM
IN
MY LOCAL
LOCAL COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
FOCUSED ACTIVISM IN MY

Maryland India
India Business
Business Roundtable
Roundtable
Maryland
oo Non-profit
Non-profit business
business networking
networking organization
organization
oo Focused
Focused on
on transnational
transnational collaborations
collaborations on
on agricultural
agricultural
development and
and womens
womens empowerment
empowerment
development
What Can
Can II Do:
Do:
What
oo Request
Request organization
organization for
for possible
possible methods
methods for
for lending
lending
support, or
or
lending my
my expertise
expertise as
as a
a nurse
nurse
support,
lending
oo MIBR
MIBR is
is looking
looking for
for volunteers
volunteers in
in implementing
implementing various
various
projects
projects

LOCAL WOMEN
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
EMPOWERMENT GROUPS
GROUPS
LOCAL
Women Who
Who Empower
Empower Each
Each Other
Other
Women
oo Based
Based in
in Gaithersburg,
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Maryland -- 358
358 members
members
Heart Link
Link Women's
Women's Network
Network
Heart
oo Based
Based in
in Germantown,
Germantown, Maryland
Maryland -- focused
focused on
on
mentoring women
women
and inspiring
inspiring success.
success.
mentoring
and
What Can
Can II Do:
Do:
What
oo Share
Share information
information about
about the
the plight
plight of
of women
women in
in India
India

PERSONAL
PART TWO
ACTIVISM
ASSOCIATION FOR
FOR INDIAS
INDIAS DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION
oo Helps
Helps underprivileged
underprivileged people,
people, organize
organize talks
talks for
for social
social workers,
workers,
show videos
videos to
to create
create greater
greater awareness,
awareness, and
and initiate
initiate and
and
show
provide support
support for
for projects,
projects,
campaigns, and
and other
other
provide
campaigns,
activities.
activities.
oo Two
Two chapters
chapters in
in Maryland:
Maryland: one
one in
in College
College Park
Park and
and Johns
Johns
Hopkins University
University
Hopkins
What Can
Can II Do:
Do:
What
oo II have
have joined
joined the
the Johns
Johns Hopkins
Hopkins AID
AID chapter
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REFERENCES

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Sanjoy K. Bhattacharyya, Shyama P. Saha, Ranjan Pal, Rape among women and girls presenting at a gynecological
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