THERMAL ENERGY

& HEAT
CH 9
Temperature
 “ H o w h o t o r co ld
so m e th in g is”
 M e a s. o f a vg . K . E . o f th e
p a rticle s in th e o b je ct.
 To o l: th e rm o m e te r –
m e a s. in d e g re e s.
 S ca le s
 ~ Celsius (° C ) 0 ° - 100 °
 ~ Fahrenheit (° F ) 32 ° -
212°
 ~ Kelvin ( K ) 0 K –
A b so lu te ze ro
Temperature
Conversions
o o o o
 C to F: F = 9/5 C + 32

 oF to oC: oC = 5/9(oF – 32)

 oC to K: K = oC + 273

 K to oC: oC = K – 273
Going from Celsius to
Fahrenheit
 Convert 37 oC to oF.
oF = 9/5oC + 32

oF = 9/5(37oC) + 32

 = 66.6 + 32
 = 98.6oF
Going from Fahrenheit to
Celsius
 Convert 68oF to oC
oC = 5/9(oF – 32)

oC = 5/9(68 – 32)

 = 5/9(36)
 = 20 oC
Going from Celsius to
Kelvin o
 Convert 100 C to K
K = oC + 273

K = 100 + 273

 = 373 K
Going from Kelvin to
Celsius o
 Convert 310 K to C
oC = K – 273

oC = 310 – 273

 = 37oC
Thermal Energy
 Thermal Energy
 the total energy of the particles in a
material
 KE - movement of particles
 PE - forces within or between particles
due to position
 depends on temperature, mass, and
type of substance
Thermal Energy
 Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
 B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B 400 mL

200 mL
Heat
 Thermal energy
that flows from
a warmer
material to a
cooler material
 Like work, heat is...
 measured in
joules (J)
 a transfer of
energy
Heat
lWhydoes A feel hot and B feel cold?
Heat flows from A to your hand =
hot. flows from your hand to B =
Heat
cold.
80ºC 10ºC

A B
 Heat Transfer
 Heat is always transferred from hot to cold.
 Heat is transferred by conduction, convection,
and radiation.

Conductors – easily Insulators – slow the

allow the transfer of transfer of heat due to
heat, like metals air pockets. Ex: wood,
plastic,
 fiberglass,
 styrofoam,
air, etc.
 Heat Transfer:
Conduction
 Direct transfer of heat due to
objects touching each other or
through collisions.
 Occurs best in solids.
 Heat continues to be transferred
until both objects reach the
same temperature, called a
thermal equilibrium.
 Heat Transfer:
Convection
 Transfer of heat through a
liquid or gas through
moving currents, called
convection currents.
 The cause of wind and
weather.
 Heat Transfer:
Radiation
 Transfer of heat
through
electromagnetic
radiation (light from
stars or light bulbs).
 Transferred in all
directions.
 No contact required!
 Dark or dull objects
absorb more than
light or shiny objects
do.
 Specific Heat

Spe
 Ability of a
substance to
absorb Heat
energy
 Specific Heat (Cp)

(
-amount of energy
needed to raise the
temp. of 1 kg of
material by 1
degree Kelvin
 units: J/(kg·K)
or J/(g·°C)
Specific Heat

Spe
 Which sample will
take longer to heat
to 100°C?

50 g Al 50 g Cu
(
•Al - It has a higher specific heat.
•Al will also take longer to cool down.
Changes in Thermal
Energy
The thermal energy changes when heat flows
into or out of objects.

Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp : specific heat (J/kg·K or J/g.oC)

– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
Measuring Heat Transfer
 Calorimeter
 device used to
measure
changes in
thermal energy

in an insulated
system, Coffee cup Calorimeter

heat gained = heat lost

 Calculate Thermal
Energy
lA 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?

GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? T = -40oC + 273 = 233 K

Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = (0.032kg)(233 K)

(235J/kg·K)
Q = -1752 J
 Calculate Thermal
Energy
lHow much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (230 g)(78oC)(4.184
Cp= 4.184 J/g·oC)
J/g·oC Q = 75,061 J