Lecture 1

University of Sheffield
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering
CIV 6215
Structural Design
Autumn 2012
Lecturers: Dr. Jurgen Becque

j.becque@sheffield.ac.uk
Dr. Colin Smith
6 week course
Assessment:
Design project: 30%
Exam (Week 6): 70%
1. Limit State Design Principles
Philosophy of design
What is Structural Engineering ?
Structural engineering is .
the art of moulding materials we do not really
understand ..
into shapes we cannot really analyse ..
so as to withstand forces we cannot really
assess
in such a way that the public does not really
suspect.
Aims of structural design

Safe structure able to fulfil intended purpose:
Able to resist predicted loading with
adequate safety margin,
In- service deflections acceptable,
Other forms of behaviour acceptable.
Other considerations include:
Economy, safety, erection, transportation &
sustainability.
Design process
Structural design consists of three interacting
aspects:
1. Decision making or conceptual design,
2. Structural analysis,
3. Proportioning members and subsequent
detailed design.
Identify the problem, the constraints, and

parameters. Members of design team
devise solutions that appear to satisfy all or
most of the constraints.
Preliminary analysis and project team
reviews the feasible schemes, possibly
some new ideas for preliminary
investigation.
Structural analysis, and to select
solution that best satisfies all the
influencing factors. Refinements to the
analysis and to the design
Specification
quantities
Working drawings.
7
Relationship between stress and strength

at all critical points in a structure
Characteristic loads
Characteristic material
strengths
Unsafe area
8
Three basic design methods:

Permissible stress design
Load factor design
Limit state design
Limit state design

Limit state design applies partial safety factors,
both to the loads and to the material strengths.
This design approach overcomes many of
the disadvantages of previous two methods.
Limit state philosophy forms the basis of the
design methods in most modern codes of
practice for structural design.
10
Two principal types of limit state:

1. Ultimate limit states
2. Serviceability limit states
11
Ultimate limit states

Strength yielding, rupture, crushing of
concrete
Stability buckling
Fracture due to fatigue
12
Serviceability limit states

Deflection the appearance or efficiency of
any part of the structure must not be
adversely affected by deflections.
Vibrations/Sway.
Cracking local damage due to cracking and
spalling must not affect the appearance,
efficiency or durability of the structure.
Durability this must be considered in terms
of the proposed life of the structure and its
conditions of exposure.
13
Characteristic material strengths
fkfm1.64s
fk = characteristic strength
fm = mean strength
14
s = standard deviation
Characteristic loads
Ideally it should be possible to assess loads
statistically as:
Characteristic load = mean load 1.64 s
s = standard deviation
In most cases it is the maximum loading on a
structural member that is critical and the upper,
positive value given by this expression is used
15

m
c
h
a
r
t
e
i
s
c
t
r
e
n
g
h
(
f
)
k
D
esigntregplfofm
saym
Partial safety factors for materials,
The following factors should be considered

when selecting a suitable value for
The strength of the material in an actual

member
The severity of the limit state being
considered
16

f
D
esignloadch
afrteiscloadprtialsetyfacor()
Partial safety factors for loads,
The value of
should also take into account:
The importance of the limit state under

consideration
Different type of loading
The probability of particular load combinations
17
2.Basic Structural Concepts
18
Sequence of load transfer between elements

of a structure
Sequence of load
Transfer:
Ceiling/floor loads
Beams
Columns
Foundations
19
Ground
Structural design process

Determination of the design
loads acting on the structure
Determination of the design loads
on individual elements
Calculation of bending moments, shear
forces and deflections of beams
Sizing of beams
20
Sizing of columns
Design loads acting on structures

The loads acting on a structure are divided
into three basic types:
Dead (permanent) loads
Imposed (live) loads
Wind loads
21
G
kg
Dead loads,
Dead loads include:
The weight of the structure itself, and all

architectural components such as exterior
cladding, partitions and ceilings
The weight of equipment and static machinery

The weight of permanent fixtures
22
Schedule of unit mass of building materials

(based on EN 1991-1-1)
23
Imposed loads,
Q
kq
Imposed loads include:
The weight of the occupants

The weight of furniture
Roof loads including snow
24
Imposed loads
(based on NA EN 1991-1-1)
offices
classrooms
stairs
25
D
esignload1.35G
1.5Q
kf
k
Load combinations for the ultimate limit state

In most of the simple structures the worst
possible combination will arise due to the
maximum dead and maximum imposed loads
acting on the structure together
The partial safety factors

specified in the
Eurocodes for dead and imposed loads in the
ultimate limit state are 1.35 and 1.5
respectively
26
D
esignload1.0G
1.0Q
k
k
Load combinations for the serviceability

limit state
27
Load combination
28
The load combination should be arranged to

produce the worst possible effect on the structure in
terms of bending moments, shear forces and
deflections
Design loads acting on elements

To calculate the design loads acting on individual
elements the designer needs to make
assumptions regarding:
The support conditions
How the loads transmit down to the
ground
29
Typical beams and columns support

conditions
30
Two (usually) conservative assumptions:

All the joints in the structure are pinned
The sequence of load transfer occurs in
the order: ceiling/floor loads to beams to
columns to foundations to ground
These assumptions will considerable simplify
calculations
31
Structural analysis
Three common methods for structural analysis:
Equilibrium equations
Formulae
Computer methods
32
Formulae
Bending moments,
shear forces and
deflections for various
standard load cases
33
Work example WE 1-1:

Fig. WE 1-1 shows a generic 37.5m x 37.5m
normal-weight reinforced concrete structure
comprising ten floors with a 4.5m storey height
and five 7.5m x 7.5m bays in each direction. The
building is designed to Eurocode 2, and
represents a commercial office building. The
characteristic loads are assumed to be:
Self-weight (including slabs,
beams and columns):
Raised floor:
Permanent ceiling and services:
Temporary partitions:
Imposed load:
7.5kN/m2
0.5kN/m2
0.5kN/m2
1.0kN/m2
2.5kN/m2
6
6
5
5
4
Calculate the maximum design bending moment

and shearing force for the beam at position B3C3 and design axial loads of the ground floor
columns at position A1 and C3 for both ultimate
and serviceability limit states.
34
4
3
3
2
7.5m
2
1
7.5m
Quarter structure
analysed
Axis of symmetry
Fig. WE 1-1 Concrete structure layout.
35
wUS ,,slab
slab
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
7.5m
2
1
7.5m
36
Quarter structure
analysed
Axis of symmetry
wUS ,,slab
slab
37
wUS ,,slab
slab
38
wUS ,,slab
slab
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
7.5m
2
1
7.5m
39
Quarter structure
analysed
Axis of symmetry
wUS ,,slab
slab
40
Work example WE 1-2:

Fig. WE 1-2 shows a generic 27m x 18m
composite steel-framed structure comprising
three floors with a 4m storey height and three
bays in each direction. The composite steel
decking floors are one way spanning over the
secondary beams. The building is designed to
Eurocode 3, and represents a commercial office
building. The characteristic loads for each floor
are assumed to be:
Permanent: 4.5 kN/m2
Variable:
4.0 kN/m2
Calculate the maximum design bending moment
on secondary Beam A-B, primary Beam C-D and
axial force of column C-E for both ultimate and
serviceability limit states.
Fig. WE 1-2 Composite steel-framed

building.
41
wUS ,,slab
slab
42
wUS ,,slab
slab
43
wUS ,,slab
slab
44
wUS ,,slab
slab
45
wUS ,,slab
slab
46
wUS ,,slab
slab
47
wUS ,,slab
slab
48

Lecture 1

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University of Sheffield

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering

Lecturers: Dr. Jurgen Becque

1. Limit State Design Principles

Aims of structural design

Identify the problem, the constraints, and

Relationship between stress and strength

Three basic design methods:

Limit state design

Two principal types of limit state:

Ultimate limit states

Serviceability limit states

Characteristic material strengths

Partial safety factors for materials,

The following factors should be considered

The strength of the material in an actual

Partial safety factors for loads,

should also take into account:

The importance of the limit state under

The probability of particular load combinations

2.Basic Structural Concepts

Sequence of load transfer between elements

Structural design process

Design loads acting on structures

Dead loads include:

The weight of the structure itself, and all

The weight of equipment and static machinery

Schedule of unit mass of building materials

Imposed loads include:

The weight of the occupants

Roof loads including snow

Load combinations for the ultimate limit state

The partial safety factors

Load combinations for the serviceability

The load combination should be arranged to

Design loads acting on elements

Typical beams and columns support

Two (usually) conservative assumptions:

Work example WE 1-1:

Calculate the maximum design bending moment

Fig. WE 1-1 Concrete structure layout.

Work example WE 1-2:

Fig. WE 1-2 Composite steel-framed

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