Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Inguinal Canal
3.75cm long directed downwards and medially
from the deep to superficial inguinal ring.Just
above the medial half of inguinal ligament.
The inguinal canal can be thought of as a
tunnel that travels from an "entrance", which is
lateral and deep, to an "exit", which is medial
and superficial. It, like a tunnel, also has a
roof, a floor, and two walls.
Or
pathway for the spermatic cord in males +
ilioinguinal Nerve or round ligament of the
uterus + ilioinguinal nerve in females
Inguinal
Triangle (of
Hesselbach)
Medially: lateral
edge of rectus
abdominis (linea
semilunaris)
2. Laterally: inferior
epigastric artery
3. Inferiorly: inguinal
ligament
(Pouparts
ligament)
1.
Blood supply
and Nerve
innervation
1.
2.
Spermatic cord
Inguinal hernia
Classification
1.
2.
3.
Direct ,Indirect
Congenital , Acquired (by causes).
Complete , Incomplete, Bubonocele (type of indirect inguinal hernia)
Enterocle, Epiplocele/ Omentocele, Cystocle (content of hernia)
Special type :
Pantaloon hernia ( Direct and indirect in the same groin) two sacs
by the inferior epigastric artery
Sliding hernia Extraperitoneal bowel (cecum/terminall ileum on the
Rt and sigmoid colon on the Lt) which slides down into the inguinal
canal, pulling a sac of peritonuem on its surface
Maydls hernia two loops of bowel in the sac with the strangulation of
the loop of bowel in the abdomen which connects them.
Clinically : Reducible, Irreducible, Obstructed/Incarcerated,
Strangulated, Inflamed
Etiology
Wall defect weakness of the anterior wall
Ex:Omphocele and Gastroschisis
Embriogenic defect
EX: Patent Processus Vaginalis and Patent canal of
Nuck in Female
Increased intraabdominal pressure
Pregnancy
Heavy lifting
Excessive weight
Straining during bowel movement or urination
Chronic coughing or sneezing
Smoking
Damage to ilioinguinal nerve due to previous
appendectomy
Inguinal Hernia
Direct IH
Indirect IH
It is not always possible to distinguish clinically between a direct and indirect inguinal
hernia
Easy to reduce
Difficult to reduce
Congenital Inguinal
Hernia
Examination
Management
Surgical
Indirect inguinal hernia
Inguinal herniotomy (disect out and opening the
hernial sac,reducing any content and then
transfixing the neck of the sac and removing the
remainder) +- with herniorrhaphy
Procedure:
1.Excision of the hernial sac
2.Repair of the strecthed internal inguinal ring and
the transversalis fascia
3.Reinforcement of posterior wall of inguinal canal
procedures
The tails of mesh are overflapped and
crossed and single is placed to create a new
internal ring
A Marlex mesh patch is sutured over the
defect with a slit to allow passage of the
spermatic cord
Lichtenstein Repair
Femoral Hernias
Femoral Canal
1.25cm in long and 1.25cm wide at its base,directed
upwards.Occupied most medial compartment of
femoral sheath and extends from femoral ring above
the saphenous opening.
Anterior Inguinal ligament
Posterior- iliopectineal ligament, pubic bone and
fascia over Pectineus Muscle
Medial Lacunar ligament and prolonged along the
iliopectineal ligament
Lateral thin septum separating it from the femoral
vein
Space Loose areolar tissue and lymph gland (Gland
of Cloquet)
Clinical features
Surgical
Lockwood (low operation)
-sac dissect out below the inguinal ligament via groin
crease incision. Peel off all the anatomical layers that
cover the sac, deal with content. Then pull down the
neck of sac and ligate as high as possible and allow
to retract through femoral canal. Close the canal by
suturing to inguinal ligament to iliopectineal line.
McEvedy (high operation)
Lotheissen (inguinal operation)
- Open the inguinal canal by inguinal herniorrhaphy.
Tranversalis fascia is incised to medial side of
peigastric vessel and enlarged the opening. Open
peritoneum,withdraw sac from femoral canal.Deal
with the content. Suture the conjoined tendon to the
iliopectineal line to form a shutter
Umbilical hernia
Congenital (exomphalos)
1 in 6000 births due to failure of all or part of
midgut to return to the coelom during the early
fetal life
Age: Hernia wont be noticed till the umbilical is separated and
healed.Noticed after some months
Common in Afro- Carribean race
Symptoms: Swelling, others are rare. Sometime parental anxiety
or intestinal obstruction
Examination : hemispherical shape,overlie and easy to palpate
on the abdominal Size can be 0.5cm 10cm) Composition:
Soft, compresibble, and reducible.usually contained bowel and
resonant to percussion.Cough impulse invariable
In adult:
acquired ( due to defect to umbilical cicatrix)
True umbilical hernia
Secondary to intraabdominal pressure,
pregnancy and ascites
P/E: Distended abdomen
Management
Non-op
For premature infant with gigantic intact sac. Daily apply with desiccating
antiseptic solution.If successful,an eschar forms over the sac.Once the
granulisation tissue grow- ventral hernia can be repaired later age.
Primary closure
-sac dissect away from skin edge and fascia,evacuate the intestinal fully
from meconium,fluid and etc through NG tube.Strect abdominal wall
gradually to double the volume.Then replace the viscera and close the
fascia layer under moderate tension.
Op
-small curved incision immediately below the umbilicus. The sin cicatrix is
dissected upwards and the neck of the sac isolated.Once the sac is
empty,either invert it into abdomen or ligate by transfixation and
excised.
Paraumbilical hernia
Treatment
If untreated, hernia will increase in size and strangulation
can occur.
Indication: present symptoms and patient is not obese
Umbilical herniorrhaphy ( small ) primary herniorrhaphy
Transverse incision around the umbilicus and subcutaneous
tissue are dissected off the rectus sheath to expose the
neck of sac.Deal with content. Remove sac and close
peritoneum. Aponeurosis on both side of umbilical ring is
mobilised to allow an overlap.Interrupted matress
sutures are inserted into aponeurosis.
- If large- prosthetic buttressing of the abdominal wall.
(paraumbilical hernio plasty)
Incisional hernia
Treatment
If pt obese- weight reduction by dieting
before op.
Simple apposition
Complex apposition (various type of
layered closure)
Plastic fibre mesh or net closures
- Method of choice but in defect <4cm
References