Mat Ch35

PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Introduction
Fundamentals of plastic theory
Bending of beams symmetrical about
both axes
General Requirements for utilising
plastic design concepts
Plastic hinges

PLASTIC ANALYSIS - 2
Fundamental conditions for plastic

analysis
Rigid plastic Analysis
Stability
Effect of axial load and shear
Plastic analysis for more than one
condition of loading

INTRODUCTION
Elastic design method limits the usefulness to the
allowable stress of the material, which is well below the
elastic limit
In plastic design method, the ultimate load is regarded
as the design criterion.
Plastic design method is rapid and provides a rational
approach for the analysis.
Plastic design method can be easily applied in the
analysis and design of statically indeterminate framed
structures.
4
Basis of Plastic Theory

Ductility of Steel
Stress f
Strain hardening
fy
Strain hardening
commences
Strain
Idealised stress strain curve for steel in tension

Basis of plastic theory - 2
Perfectly Elastic Material

Stress
fy
Tension
Strain
Compression fy
Stress - Strain Curve for perfectly plastic materials

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section

Assumptions
Material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches

the upper yield value; on further straining, the
stress drops to the lower yield value and thereafter
remains constant.
Homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic

and plastic states.
Plane transverse sections remain plane and

normal to the longitudinal axis after bending.

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section- 2
The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity

have the same value in compression and tension.
No resultant axial force on the beam.
Cross section of the beam is symmetrical about

an axis through its centroid parallel to plane of
bending.
Every layer of the material is free to expand and

contract longitudinally and laterally under stress.

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section- 3
fy
A1
y1
C = fy .A1
G1
y2
G2
A2
T = fy . A2
fy
Total compression , C
Total tension , T

Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both

Axes
f
Neutral
f fy
Axis
f
Elastic stresses in beams
10
Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both Axes - 2
Plastic Zone
(Compression)
fy
Neutral
Axis
Plastic Zone
(Tension)
(a)Rectangular (b) I - section
section
fy
(c) Stress distribution
for (a) or (b)
Stresses in partially plastic beams

11
Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both Axes - 3
fy
b
Axis
Neutral
fy
(a) Rectangular
(b) I - section
(c) Stress distribution

for (a) or (b)
section
Stresses in fully plastic beams

12
General Requirements for Utilising

Plastic Design Concepts
Shape factor varies from 1.15 to 1.8

S= (Plastic Modulus)/(Elastic Modulus)
1
S
1.00
0.87
0.67
(S 1.00)
(S 1.15)
(S 1.50)
(S 1.80)
My
1
Mp
S
Rotation
Moment rotation curves

13
Plastic Hinges
Plastic hinge - a yielded zone at which an infinite
rotation can take place at a constant plastic moment.
Theoretically, a plastic hinge is assumed to form
at a point of plastic rotation.
There is a constant moment at the Plastic hinge, with
a value equal to Plastic moment Capacity of the
cross section
14
Plastic Hinges
Hinged Length of a Simply Supported Beam with
Central Concentrated Load
W
h
L/2
L/2
x
MY Mp
MY
It has been shown that

My = 2/3Mp and
1
L
3

15
Fundamental Conditions for Plastic

Analysis
Mechanism condition
The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a
mechanism is formed.
Equilibrium condition
Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Mxy = 0
Plastic moment condition

Bending moment should not be more than the
plastic moment.

16
Mechanism
- Beam Mechanism
- Panel or Sway Mechanism
- Gable Mechanism
- Joint Mechanism
- Combined Mechanism

17
Mechanism - 2
Beam Mechanism
Simply supported beam

(fails due to formation of one hinge)
Propped cantilever beam

(fails when 2 hinges are formed)

18
Mechanism - 3
Beam Mechanism
Fixed beam
2
1
3
Three hinges are formed in the

following order as shown:
1, 2, 3

19
Mechanism - 4
Panel, Gable and Joint Mechanisms
(a) Panel Mechanism
(b) Gable Mechanism
(c) Joint Mechanism

20
Mechanism - 5
Combined Mechanism
(Two hinges on the beam + 2 hinges at the base)
Two hinges developed on the
beam
Combined Mechanism

21
Load Factor and Theorems of

Plastic Collapse
Plastic analysis is governed by three theorems
Lower Bound or Static Theorem
A load factor ( s ) computed on the basis of an arbitrarily
assumed bending moment diagram which is in
equilibrium with the applied loads and where the fully
plastic moment of resistance is nowhere exceeded will
always be less than (or at best equal to) the load factor
at rigid plastic collapse, ( p).

22
Load factor and theorems of plastic collapse - 2
Upper Bound or Kinematic Theorem

A load factor ( k) computed on the basis of an arbitrarily
assumed mechanism will always be greater than, (or at
best equal to) the load factor at rigid plastic collapse ( p )
Uniqueness Theorem
If both the above criteria are satisfied, then the resulting
load factor corresponds to its value at rigid plastic
collapse ( p).
23
Rigid plastic analysis

Plastic zone
Yield zone
Stiff length
B. M. D.
Moment rotation curve
Simply supported beam at plastic hinge stage

24
Rigid plastic analysis - 2

W / unit length
P=0
MA
P=0
B
Loading
MB
L
MP
MP
Collapse
MP
MP
Encastre Beam
25
Rigid Plastic Analysis - 3
Continuous Beams
10W
10W
2L
2L
3L
6W
2L
2L
3L

26

10W
Collapse pattern 1:
10W
6W
10W
6W
10W
Collapse pattern 2:
3
5
10W
Collapse pattern 3:
6W
10W
3
2
5

27
Mechanism Method
In this method, various alternative plastic failure
mechanisms are evaluated.
The plastic collapse loads are obtained by equating
the internal work to the external work done by
loads.
For gabled frames and other such frames, the
kinematics of collapse is somewhat complex.
28
Therefore it is convenient to use the instantaneous

centres of rotation of the rigid elements of the frame
to evaluate displacements corresponding to
different mechanisms.
y
P
P
Rigid Body Rotation

o
x
x

29
Rectangular Portal Framework and Interaction Diagrams

V
V
H
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Possible Failure Mechanisms

30
Va / Mp
6
4
D
4
6 Ha / Mp
Interaction Diagram
31
Frames not of Constant Section Throughout
V
H
V
H
2
a
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

32
Va / Mp
8
6
4
D
2
8 Ha / Mp
6
4
Interaction Diagrams

33
Stability
For plastically designed frames three stability criteria
to be considered for ensuring the safety of the frame.
General Frame Stability
Local Buckling Criterion
Restraints

34
Effect of Axial Load and Shear

If a member is subjected to the combined action of
bending moment and axial force, the plastic moment
capacity will be reduced.
b
fy
d/2
fy
C
y1
T
T
fy
fy
Total stresses
fy
Bending
Axial
compression
Effect of axial force on plastic moment capacity

35
Plastic Analysis for more than

one condition of loading
It is necessary to perform separate calculations, one
for each loading condition, the section being
determined by the solution requiring the largest
plastic moment.
This is because the principle of Superposition does
NOT hold for plastic Analysis

36
Concluding Remarks
- Basic concepts on Plastic Analysis have been
discussed
- methods of computation of ultimate load causing
plastic collapse have been outlined
- Theorems of plastic collapse and alternative
patterns of hinge formation triggering plastic
collapse have been discussed.

37
THANK YOU

38

Mat Ch35

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PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Fundamental conditions for plastic

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Basis of Plastic Theory

Idealised stress strain curve for steel in tension

Basis of plastic theory - 2

Perfectly Elastic Material

Stress - Strain Curve for perfectly plastic materials

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section

Material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches

Homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic

Plane transverse sections remain plane and

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section- 2

The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity

No resultant axial force on the beam.

Cross section of the beam is symmetrical about

Every layer of the material is free to expand and

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Fully Plastic Moment of a Section- 3

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both

Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both Axes - 2

Stresses in partially plastic beams

Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both Axes - 3

(c) Stress distribution

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

General Requirements for Utilising

Shape factor varies from 1.15 to 1.8

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

It has been shown that

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Fundamental Conditions for Plastic

Plastic moment condition

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Simply supported beam

Propped cantilever beam

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Three hinges are formed in the

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Panel, Gable and Joint Mechanisms

(a) Panel Mechanism

(b) Gable Mechanism

(c) Joint Mechanism

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Load Factor and Theorems of

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Load factor and theorems of plastic collapse - 2

Upper Bound or Kinematic Theorem

Rigid plastic analysis

Moment rotation curve

Simply supported beam at plastic hinge stage

Rigid plastic analysis - 2

Rigid Plastic Analysis - 3

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Rigid Plastic Analysis - 4

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Rigid Plastic Analysis - 5

Rigid Plastic Analysis - 6

Therefore it is convenient to use the instantaneous