Characteristics of Fungi Simple

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Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi
Introduction
Cell Structure and Function
Reproduction
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Introduction
Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.
Fungi are heterotrophic: they use complex organic compounds as sources of
energy and carbon, not photosynthesis.
Fungi multiply either asexually, sexually, or both.
The majority of fungi produce spores, which are defined as haploid cells that can
undergo mitosis to form multicellular, haploid individuals.
Fungi interact with other organisms by either forming beneficial or mutualistic
associations (mycorrhizae and lichens) or by causing serious infections.
Examples of fungi
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Cell Structure and Function

Fungal cell walls are rigid and contain complex polysaccharides called chitin
(adds structural strength) and glucans.
Ergosterol is the steroid molecule in the cell membranes that replaces the
cholesterol found in animal cell membranes.
Fungi can be unicellular, multicellular, or dimorphic, which is when the fungi is
unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions.
Fungi in the morphological vegetative stage consist of a tangle of slender, threadlike hyphae, whereas the reproductive stage is usually more obvious.
Fungi like to be in a moist and slightly acidic environment; they can grow with or
without light or oxygen.
Fungi are saprophyte heterotrophs in that they use dead or decomposing organic
matter as a source of carbon.
The poisonous Amanita muscaria 

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Reproduction
New colonies of fungi can grow from the fragmentation of hyphae.
During budding, a bulge forms on the side of the cell; the bud ultimately detaches
after the nucleus divides mitotically.
Asexual spores are genetically identical to the parent and may be released either
outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium.
Adverse environmental conditions often cause sexual reproduction in fungi.
Mycelium can either be homothallic or heterothallic when reproducing sexually.
Fungal sexual reproduction includes the following three stages: plasmogamy,
karyogamy, and gametangia.
The release of fungal spores

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Appendix
Fungi
Key terms
Ascomycota a taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi; those fungi that produce spores in a microscopic sporangium
called an ascus
chitin a complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell
walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans
ergosterol the functional equivalent of cholesterol found in cell membranes of fungi and some protists, as well as, the steroid
precursor of vitamin D2
gametangium an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the
gametophytes of plants
glucan any polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose
heterotrophic organisms that use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon
homothallic male and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium
hypha a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growth
karyogamy the fusion of two nuclei within a cell
lichen any of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old
walls, etc.
mycelium the vegetative part of any fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae, often underground
mycorrhiza a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
Fungi
plasmogamy stage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nuclei
saprophyte any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria
septum cell wall division between hyphae of a fungus
sporangium a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism
spore a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another
spore a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another
thallus vegetative body of a fungus
Fungi
Examples of fungi
Many species of fungus produce the familiar mushroom (a) which is a reproductive structure.This (b) coral fungus displays brightly-colored fruiting
bodies.This electron micrograph shows (c) the spore-bearing structures of Aspergillus, a type of toxic fungi found mostly in soil and plants.
Connexions. "Print ." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44620/latest/Figure_24_00_01abcf.jpg View on Boundless.com
Fungi
The poisonous Amanita muscaria 

The poisonous Amanita muscaria is native to temperate and boreal regions of North America.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Fungi
Example of a mycelium of a fungus

The mycelium of the fungus Neotestudina rosati can be pathogenic to humans.The fungus enters through a cut or scrape and develops a
mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection.
Fungi
Division of hyphae into separate cells

Fungal hyphae may be (a) septated or (b) coenocytic (coeno- = "common"; -cytic = "cell") with many nuclei present in a single hypha.A bright field light
micrograph of (c) Phialophora richardsiae shows septa that divide the hyphae.
Connexions. "Print ." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_04abcf.jpg View on Boundless.com
Fungi
Example of a unicellular fungus

Candida albicans is a yeast cell and the agent of candidiasis and thrush.This organism has a similar morphology to coccus bacteria;
however, yeast is a eukaryotic organism (note the nucleus).
Fungi
Release of spores from a sporangium

This bright field light micrograph shows the release of spores from a sporangium at the end of a hypha called a sporangiophore.The organism depicted
is a Mucor sp.fungus: a mold often found indoors.
Fungi
Types of fungal reproduction

Fungi may utilize both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction; sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.
Connexions. "Print ." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_07.jpg View on Boundless.com
Fungi
The release of fungal spores

The (a) giant puff ball mushroom releases (b) a cloud of spores when it reaches maturity.
Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/Figure_24_01_05abf.jpg View on Boundless.com
Fungi
Why are fungi important decomposers?
A) They produce many spores.
B) They can grow in many different environments.
C) They produce mycelia.
D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.
Fungi
Why are fungi important decomposers?
A) They produce many spores.
B) They can grow in many different environments.
C) They produce mycelia.
D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.
OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest
Fungi
Fungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as

which of the following?
A) mutualistic
B) saprophytes
C) parasites
D) symbiotic
Fungi
Fungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as

which of the following?
A) mutualistic
B) saprophytes
C) parasites
D) symbiotic
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Fungi
Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?
A) starch
B) chitin
C) glucose
D) cellulose
Fungi
Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?
A) starch
B) chitin
C) glucose
D) cellulose
Fungi
During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains
A) all septated hyphae
B) all haploid nuclei
C) both mating types
D) only one mating types
Fungi
During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains
A) all septated hyphae
B) all haploid nuclei
C) both mating types
D) only one mating types
OpenStax OER. "OpenStax College." CC BY 3.0 http://openstaxcollege.org/
Fungi
What is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?
A) the formation of asexual spores
B) fragmentation of hyphae
C) mitotic budding
D) nuclear marriage of genes
Fungi
What is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?
A) the formation of asexual spores
B) fragmentation of hyphae
C) mitotic budding
D) nuclear marriage of genes
Fungi
Attribution
Connexions. "Introduction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44620/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "Ascomycota." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ascomycota
Wiktionary. "lichen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichen
Wikipedia. "mycorrhiza." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mycorrhiza
Wiktionary. "spore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spore
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/heterotrophic
Connexions. "Characteristics of Fungi." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "saprophyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saprophyte
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/thallus
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/septum
Wikipedia. "hypha." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypha
Wiktionary. "mycelium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mycelium
Wiktionary. "ergosterol." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergosterol
Wiktionary. "glucan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucan
Wiktionary. "chitin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chitin
Connexions. "Characteristics of Fungi." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "sporangium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sporangium
Fungi
Wikipedia. "gametangium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gametangium

Wiktionary. "karyogamy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyogamy
Wiktionary. "plasmogamy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmogamy
Wiktionary. "homothallic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homothallic
Wiktionary. "spore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spore

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Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi

Cell Structure and Function

The poisonous <em>Amanita muscaria </em>

Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi

The release of fungal spores

The poisonous <em>Amanita muscaria </em>

Example of a mycelium of a fungus

Division of hyphae into separate cells

Example of a unicellular fungus

Release of spores from a sporangium

Types of fungal reproduction

The release of fungal spores

Why are fungi important decomposers?

A) They produce many spores.

B) They can grow in many different environments.

C) They produce mycelia.

D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.

Why are fungi important decomposers?

A) They produce many spores.

B) They can grow in many different environments.

C) They produce mycelia.

D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.

Fungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as

Fungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as

Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?

Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?

During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains

A) all septated hyphae

B) all haploid nuclei

C) both mating types

D) only one mating types

During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains

A) all septated hyphae

B) all haploid nuclei

C) both mating types

D) only one mating types

What is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?

A) the formation of asexual spores

D) nuclear marriage of genes

What is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?

A) the formation of asexual spores

D) nuclear marriage of genes

Wikipedia. "gametangium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gametangium

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