http://faculty.washington.

edu/markbenj/CEE3
45/

CEE 345, Spring 2012

Part 2: Hydraulics and Open Channel Flow
Instructor:MarkBenjamin,335MoreHall;5437645,markbenj@uw.edu
Text:Munsonetal..,FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,6thed.
Pipe networks, pump selection, hydraulic transients
Flow dependence on depth & slope in rivers, streams,
culverts, storm and sanitary sewers

Weekly HW, due beginning of class; no late homework

One lab in HHL; no write-up, but data used in HW
Four Thursday sessions computer lab, HW, practice
problems
Exam on hydraulics on Friday, May 18; open channel
questions on final exam

Our Plan Weeks 6 and 7

Review energy relationships in single pipes
Extend analysis to progressively more complex
systems
Pipes in parallel or series
Pipe networks with known flow direction in each pipe
Interconnected pipe loops and reservoirs where flow
direction is not obvious

Consider key factors in selection of pumps to

add energy to fluid in a system
Consider some special cases of transients in
pipe systems cavitation and water hammer

Overview of Pipe
Networks

Pipe flow generally refers to fluid in pipes and

appurtenances flowing full and under pressure
Examples: Water distribution in homes,
industry, cities; irrigation
System components
Pipes
Valves
Bends
Pumps and turbines
Storage (often unpressurized, in reservoirs, tanks,
etc.)

Energy Relationships in Pipe Systems

Energy equation between any two points:

E2 E1 hpump hturb hL , f
p2 V22
p1 V12
z2

z1
hpump hturb hL, f
2g
2g
Analysis involves writing expressions for hL
in each pipe and for each link between pipes
(valves, expansions, contractions), relating
velocities based on continuity equation, and
solving subject to system constraints (Q, p,
or V at specific points).

Energy Losses in Piping

Systems
Darcy-Weisbach equation for headlosses
in pipes (major headlosses):

l V2
hL f
D 2g

Estimating f Graphically

Trends in f
f declines with
increasing Re,
e.g., increasing
V at fixed D.
In laminar region,
f = 64/Re

In turbulent region, for given /D, f

declines more slowly than in laminar
region; eventually, the decline stops
altogether.

Mathematical Expressions for f

Colebrook and Haaland eqns yield good
estimates of f in turbulent flow
D
1
2.71
2 log

3.7
f
Re
f

1.11

1
6.9
D
1.8log

Re
f
3.7

Useful for calculations in spreadsheets

or special software for pipe flow analysis

Understanding Headloss in Pipes

l V2
Darcy-Weisbach equation: hL f
D 2g

For travel distance of one pipe diameter

lD (
):
Energy lost due to friction when
hL
fluid travels a distance l equal to D
f 2

V 2g
KE of the fluid
f is the ratio of energy lost via friction (i.e.,
shear) to the kinetic energy of the water
when the water travels a distance of one
pipe diameter

Example
Compare the velocity and pressure heads for
typical conditions in a street main:
V = 1.5 m/s; D = 0.5 m; p = 500 kPa

1.5 m/s

0.115 m
2
2 g 2 9.8 m/s
2

500 kPa

1000 N/m

9800 N/m3

kPa
51.0 m

If f = 0.02, hL for each 0.5 m of pipe is 2% of

the velocity head, or 0.0023 m, corresponding
to 0.0045% of the pressure head.

Typical Pipe Flow Problems

Type I: Pipe properties (, D, l) and V
known, find hL.
Determine f from Moody diagram or an
equivalent equation, and hL from the
DW eqn
l V2
hL f
D 2g

Example
A 20-in-diameter galvanized pipe ( = 0.0005 ft) 2
miles long carries 4 cfs at 60oF. Find hL using (a) the
Moody diagram and (b) the Colebrook eqn.
3
Q
4
ft
/s
a) V
1.83 ft/s
2
A 1.67 ft 4

DV 1.67 ft 1.83 ft/s

5
Re

2.51x10

1.22x105 ft 2 /s

0.0005 ft

0.00030
D
1.67 ft
f 0.017

2 5280 ft 1.83 ft/s

l V
hL f
0.017
5.59 ft
2
D 2g
1.67 ft 2 32.2 ft/s
2

D
1
2.71
2 log

b) Colebrook eqn:

3.7
f
Re
f

F
e/D

G
0.0003

10
11
12

Re
f
LHS

13

RHS

251000
0.03
=1/SQRT(G11)
=-2*LOG(G9/3.7 +
2.71/G10*G12)

H
0.0003
2.51E+
05
0.03
5.774
7.687

e/D
Re
f
LHS
RHS
LHS RHS

0.0003
2.51E+0
5
0.01742
2
7.576
7.576
2.55E-07

2 5280 ft 1.83 ft/s

l V
hL f
0.0174
5.72 ft
2
D 2g
1.67 ft 2 32.2 ft/s
2

Typical Pipe Flow Problems

Type II: Pipe properties (, D, l) and hL
known, find V.
Guess V, determine f and hL as in Type I,
iterate until hL equals known value, or
Solve Colebrook and DW eqns
simultaneously to eliminate V, yielding:

Solving Type II Pipe Problems:

Iterative Approach

l V2
hL f
D 2g

0.25

gD
log 0.317 2 hL
l

1 2

Rearranged D-W eqn: V 2hL gD

e / D

3.7

1/2

fl

D 2.51
2 gDhL
V 2
log

l
D
3.7

2 gDhL

Example
For the pipe analyzed in the preceding example, what is the largest flow
rate allowable if the total frictional headloss must remain <8 ft?

Example
For the pipe analyzed in the preceding example, what is the
largest flow rate allowable if the total frictional headloss
must remain <8 ft?

D 2.51
2 gDhL
V 2
log

l
D
3.7

2 gDhL

Substituting known values,

V 2.19 ft s

1.67 ft
ft 3
Q VA 2.19 ft s
4.80
4
s
2

Typical Pipe Flow Problems

Type III: , l, V, and hL known, find D.
Several approaches, all iterative; e.g.,
Guess D, determine V as in Type II,
iterate until V equals known value

Example
What diameter galvanized pipe would be required in
the preceding examples if a flow rate of 10 cfs was
needed, while keeping the total frictional headloss at
<8 ft?

Solving Type III Pipe Problems:

Iterative Graphical Approach

l V2
hL f
D 2g

Solving Type III Pipe Problems:

Iterative Analytical Approach
What diameter galvanized pipe would be required in the
preceding examples if a flow rate of 10 cfs was needed,
while keeping the total frictional headloss at <8 ft?

D 2.51
2 gDhL
V 2
log

l
D
3.7
2 gDhL
Q 2
l

D 2.51

log
D

3.7

2 gDhL

l D 2

2 gDhL 4

2 gDhL
Q 2
l

D 2.51

log
D

3.7

g
32.2
hL
8
l
10560
eps
0.0005
nu
1.22E-05
D_guess
2
LHS = Q
10
RHS
7.72E+00
LHS RHS 2.28E+00

l D 2

2 gDhL
4

g
32.2
hL
8
l
10560
eps
0.0005
nu
1.22E-05
D_guess 2.206594
LHS = Q
10
RHS
1.00E+01
LHS RHS -8.22E-07

Dependence of hL on D and V

l V2
hL f
D 2g

Dependence of hL on D and V
In laminar region:

For a given
pipe

64 l V 2 32l
'
hL

V klamQ

2
DV D 2 g gD

In turbulent region, when f becomes

constant:
For a given
2
pipe
l V
hL f full
k full Q 2
turb D 2 g
turb
Under typical water distribution conditions,
hL in a given pipe can be expressed as kQn

Example
For the systems analyzed in the first two examples, what
value of n causes the data to fit the equation hL = kQn?

hL ,2
hL ,1

Q2
kQ

kQ
Q1

log

log hL ,2 hL ,1
log Q2 Q1

n
2
n
1

hL ,2
hL ,1

Q2
n log
Q1

log 5.72 ft / 8 ft

1.84
log 4 cfs 4.8 cfs

Alternative Equations for Flow - Headloss

Relationships in Turbulent Pipe Flow
Hazen-Williams equation widely used for hL
as function of flow parameters for turbulent
flow at typical velocities in water pipes:

V 0.849CHW R

0.63
h

hL

l

Q1.85 1
hL 10.7l 4.87 1.85
D CHW

0.54

Aflow D 2 4 D R
Rh

Pwetted
D
4 2

Coefficients shown are for SI units; for BG

units, replace 0.849 by 1.318 and 10.7 by 4.73.

Comparison of Equations for Transitional

and Turbulent Curves on the Moody
Diagram

D-W
hf 1
2 gD
l f

2g D

hL
(=S*l)
*

0.50

0.50

0.50

2 g 2.50 0.50 0.50

D S f
4

8
2 l
Q 5 f
2
g
D

H-W*

Manning*

0.849CHW Rh0.63 S 0.54

1 0.67 0.50
Rh S
n

0.354 D 0.63 S 0.54CHW 0.397D 0.67 S 0.50 1

0.278 D

2.63

10.7Q1.85

0.54

l
D 4.87

CHW

1
1.85
CHW

0.312D 2.67 S 0.50

10.3Q

l
D 5.33

1
n

1
n2

CoefficientsshownareforSIunits(Vinm/s,andDandRhinm);forBGunits
(ft/sandft),replace0.849by1.318;0.354by0.550;0.278by0.432;10.7by

Energy Losses in Bends, Valves, and

Other Transitions (Minor Losses)
Minor headlosses generally significant when pipe
sections are short (e.g., household, not pipeline)
Caused by turbulence associated with flow
transition; therefore, mitigated by modifications
that smooth flow patterns
Generally much greater for expansions than for
contractions
Often expressed as multiple of velocity head:
V2
hL K minor
K is the ratio of energy lost via friction in the
2g
device of interest to the kinetic energy of the
water (upstream or downstream, depending on
geometric details)

Energy Losses in Contractions

V22
hc kc
2g

All images from Finemore & Franzini

Energy Losses in Expansions

hx

hx,discharge

V 2 Vc2

2g 2g

V Vc

2g

hx,discharge

V 2 Vc2

2g 2g

All images from Finemore & Franzini

Energy Losses in Expansions

Conical
diffuser

hcone kcone

V1 V2
2g

k,
rough
k,
smooth

All images from Finemore & Franzini

Energy Losses in Pipe

Fittings and Bends
V2
hb kb
2g

All images from Finemore & Franzini

Example
A 5-in-diameter pipe with an estimated f of 0.033 is
110 feet long and connects two reservoirs whose
surface elevations differ by 12 feet. The pipe
entrance is flushed, and the discharge is submerged.
(a) Compute the flow rate.
(b)How much would the flow rate change if the last
10 ft of the pipe were replaced with a smooth
conical diffuser with a cone angle of 10o?

5" 0.417 ft

hL ,tot hL , pipe hL ,minor

2 ghL ,tot

fl
1.5
D

2
l V2
V2
l
V
f
0.5 1
f 1.5
D 2g
2g D
2g

2 32.2 ft/s 2 12 ft

0.033 110 ft 1.5

8.70 ft/s

0.417 ft

0.417 ft
Q VA 8.70 ft/s
1.19 ft 3 /s
4
2

hL ,tot hL, pipe hL ,entrance hL ,cone hL ,exit

V1 V2

l1 V
V
V22
f
kentrance
kcone
kexit
D1 2 g
2g
2g
2g
2
1

2
1

D2 D1 2 Lcone tan 5o 0.417 ft 2 10 ft 0.0875 2.17 ft

2

V2 D1
0.417 ft

0.0370
V1 D2
2.17 ft
From graph, for a smooth, 10o cone, kcone
= 0.175

hL ,tot

2
1

2
1

l1 V
V
f
kentrance
kcone
D1 2 g
2g

V1 V2 k V22
exit
2g
2g
2

V12
100 ft V12
0.033
0.5
0.417 ft 2 g
2g
0.175

V1 0.037V1

2g

0.037V1

1.0
2g

V1 9.49 ft/s

0.417 ft
Q V1 A 9.49 ft/s
1.29 ft 3 /s
4
2