Submitted

to:
Mahesh
Bhutani

Submitted by:
Ankit Sharma
Reg no: 11300299
Btech CIVIL

CONTENTS

What is GPS?
Working of GPS
GPS Functionality
GPS Signals & Frequencies
Accuracy Issues & Methods
for improvement
Applications

 Official name of GPS is NAVIgational Satellite Timing and Ranging

Global Positioning system
(NAVSTAR GPS)
First developed by the United States Department of defence
Consists of 30+ GPS Satellites in medium Earth orbit(2000km35000km)
Made up of two dozen satellites working in unison are known as a
satellite constellation
This constellation is currently controlled by the,
United States Air Force
It costs about $750 million to manage and
maintain the system per year
Mainly used for navigation, map-making an
surveying,etc.

 A GPS receiver can tell its own position by using the

position data of itself, and compares that data with 3 or
more satellites
To get the distance to each satellite, the GPS transmits a
signal to each satellite
The system measures the time delay between the signal
transmisson and signal reception of the GPS signal
The signals carry information about the satellites location
Determines position of, and distance to, at least three
satellites The signals travels at a known speed
The receiver computes position using TRILATERATION

 GPS system are made up of 3 segments

-- Space Segment (SS)
-- Control Segment (CS)
-- User Segment (US)

 GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude

of 20200 km and with a time period of 12 hours
Orbital planes are centered on the Earth
Each satellite makes two complete orbits each
sidereal day
It passes over the same location on Earth once
each day
Orbits are designed so that at the very least, six
satellites are always within line of sight from
any location on the planet

 The control Segment consists of 3 entities:

-- Master Control Station
-- Monitor Stations
-- Ground Antennas
-- NGA Monitor Stations
-- Air Force Satellite Control Network
(AFSCN)
Remote Tracking Stations

 The master control location, located at Falcon Air

Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is
responsible for overall management of the remote
monitoring and transmission sites
Performs the primary control segment functions,
providing command and control of the GPS
constellation
Generates and upload navigation messages and
ensure health and accuracy of the satellite
constellation

 Six monitors stations are located at Falcon Air

Force Base in Colorado, Cape Canaveral,
Florida, Hawaii
Checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and
overall health of the orbiting satellites
The control segment uses measurements
collected by the monitor stations to predict the
behaviour of each satellites orbit and clock
A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time
This check=up is performed twice a day, by
each station

 Ground antennas monitor and track the

satellites from horizon to horizon
They also transmit correction information
to individual satellites
Communicate with the GPS satellites for
command and control purposes

 Air Force Satellite Control Network(AFSCN)

provides support for the operation, control,
and maintenance of a variety of United
States Department of Defence satellites
This involves continual Tracking, Telemetry
and Command(TT&C)

 The NGA monitor collects, processes and

distributes GPS observations,
environmental data, and station health
information
It also provides 24/7data integrity
monitoring

 The users GPS receiver is the User Segment of

the GPS system
GPS receivers are generally composed of an
antenna, turned to the frequencies transmitted by
the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highlystable clock(commonly a crystal oscillator)
They include a display for showing location and
speed information to the user

Coarse /Acquisition code

Precision code
Navigation messages
Almanac
Data updates

L1
L2
L3
L4
L5

(1575.42MHz)
(1227.60MHz)
(1381.05MHz)
(1379.913MHz)
(1176.45 MHz)

 The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies

on the accurate measurements:
-- Current time
-- Position of the satellite
-- Time delay for the signal
The GPS signal in space will provide a worst
case accuracy of 7.8 meters at a 95%
confidence level
GPS time is accurate to about 14 nanoseconds

Changing atmospheric issues

Clock errors
GPS Jamming
Multi-path issues

 Precision monitoring
-- Dual Frequency Monitoring
-- Carrier-Phase Enhancement(CPGPS)
-- Relative Kinematic Positioning(RKP)

Augmentation

 Dual frequency Monitoring

Refers to systems that can compare two

or more signals
These two frequencies are affected in two
different ways
After two monitoring these signals, its
possible to calculate what the error is and
eliminate it

 Carrier- Phase Enhancement

CPGPS uses the L1 carrier wave, which has a period
1000 times smaller than that of the C/A bit period, to
act as an additional clock signal and resolve
uncertainty
The phase difference error in the normal GPS
amounts to between 2 and 3 meters (6 to 10ft) of
ambiguity
CPGPS works within 1% of perfect transition to reduce
the error to 3 centimeters(1 inch) of ambiguity

 Relative Kinematic
Positioning(RKP)
Determination of range signal can be
resolved to an accuracy of less than 10
centimeters (4 in)
Resolves the number of cycles in which
the signal is transmitted and received by
the receiver

 Augmentation
-- Relies on an external information being
integrated into the calculation process
-- Some augmentations system transmits
additional information about sources of
error
-- Some provide direct measurement of how
much signal was off in the past

 Nationwide Differential GPS

System(NDGPS)
Wide Area Augmentation
System(WAAS)
Global Differential System(GDGPS)

 Civilian
-- Geotagging : Applying location coordinates
to digital objects such as photographs and
other documents
--Disaster Relief/ Emergency Services
--Vehicle Tracking Systems
--Person Tracking Systems
--GPS Aircraft Tracking
--Telematics : GPS technology integrated with
computers and mobile communication
technology in automotive navigation system

 Military
-- Target Tracking :Tracking potential ground and
air targets before flagging them as hostile
-- Navigation
-- Missile and Projectile Guidance : Allows accurate
targeting of various military weapons including
cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions
-- Reconnaissance
-- Search and rescue : Downed pilots can be
located faster if their position known

 Other Applications
-- Railroad Systems
-- Recreational Activities
-- Weather Prediction
-- Skydiving
-- And many more