APPENDICES

Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung

Suwarno Hadisusanto
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation
Faculty of Biology UGM
2015

31

(Ecosystems, Ecological System)

Business

The Ecology

RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

Entropy, Residue
** Environment
Environment Poll.:Air,
Poll.:Air, Water,
Water, Land,
Land, Cross
Cross Media.
Media. ** Non
Non Point
Point Pollution:
Pollution: Chemical
Chemical substances
substances

Public
Intern trade
demand for agreement.
regu-lation Equal oppor
tunity, Equal
treatment

Planning

Utilization

Environmental
Management system

Competitive
requirement
for ecolabeling

Control

Customer
demand for
clean pro
cesses and
products
&3R

Public
demand for
environl
protection.
CSR and
Com-dev

Indonesian Instru-ment
for Environl
Management & SNI;
Intl Environmental
Management Syst.
& ISO

Maintenance Supervision

Business opportunity
and threats

Law Enforcement

Natural Resources
Conservation

Sustainable Development
Natural Environment and Sustainable Development

32

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)
STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972
WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT
AND DEVELOPMENT
BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987.
OUR COMMON FUTURE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
33

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE,
RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION,
AND DEVELOPMENT
33

SUSTAINABILITY
More efficient use of natural resources
and the introduction of new holistic
environmental technologies
(Rosemarin, 1990)

SUSTAINABLE

VS

ELEMENTS OF LONG TERM :

RENEWAL ~ REUSE
MAINTENANCE ~ RECOVERY
RECYCLING.
MINIMAL RAW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION ~ REDUCE
MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE
NEED ON COLLECTIVE BASIS
~ REPLENISH

DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL BASED CULTURE :
SHORT TERM PLANNING
MINIMAL MAINTENANCE
WASTE, POLLUTION
MAXIMAL EXPLOITATION OF
RAW MATERIAL
EMPHASIZE ON THE
INDIVIDUAL

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
1. Danora, USA, 1948: Toxic chemical from
factories caused air pollution which killed 20
people, 6000 suffering
2. London, 1952: Smog (smoke + fog) in air
killed 4000 people

35

3. USA, 1962: Insecticides pollute the air, land,

and water exterminated all animals and
other living form
4. Sidoarjo (East Java), Indonesia,
2006: Mud Vulcano Blow out.
Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions
inundated unterwater; 25000 person
evacuated.
Future: river and ocean pollution forever.
35

The cancellation of all uses of several

insecticides in USA
Product

Year

Product

Year

DDT
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Toxsphene
Endosulfan
Heptaclor
Endrin

1968
1975
1975
1976
1976
1978
1979

Diazinon
Parathion
Parathion
+ 19 others

1978
1979
1979
1979

The Living Environment

The spatial entity with all objects, potentials,
conditions and living organisms, including
man and his behavior, which influence the
continuence of the life and welfare of man
and other living organisms

(Tandjung, 2012)

37

Resources
Elements of the living environment
consisting of :
human resources,
organic natural resources,
in-organic natural resources, and
man-made resources.

38

ABC Environment, the components of

natural environment
The inorganic natural resources ( Physical
environment) is A-biotic Environment.
The organic natural environment is the Biotic
Environment.

The human resources and their creation so

called manmade resources is combined as
the Cultural Environment.
In short, the ABC environment consists of
A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment.

A-biotic or physical/chemical environment

consists of 3 elements : water, land, and air.
(eg.: Geology; Pedology; Hydrology;
Climatology; Stratigraphy; etc.)

Biotic or ecological environment consists of

plants (flora), animals (fauna) and microbes
(bacteria, yeasts, fungi).
(eg.: Ecology; Genetics; Systematics;
Biochemistry; etc.)

Omnivore - predators+grazers
(man, bear, monkey, etc.)

Carnivore - predators
(tiger, snake, crocodile, etc.)

Herbivore - grazers

(deer, cow, rabbit, etc.)

Producers - vegetations

(plant, phytoplankton, etc.)

THE TROPHIC LEVELS

(Food Chain)

decomposers
(bacteria and fungi)

Cultural environment consists of individual

environmental interests, individual well
being, social interactions and community
well- being
(eg.: Economics; Sociology; Culture; etc.)

Each component of the environment, e.g.

the biotic environment consists of living
organisms, which interact with each other
and are inseparably interrelated with their
a-biotic and cultural environment.

43

Proposed
Action

A biotic
Environment
(A)
AC

AB

Biotic
Environment
ABC
(B)
BC

Cultural
Environment
(C)

The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on

A-B and C on B-C. Interaction of environmental
components occur on A-B-C

44

An ecosystem is an ordering of an element

of the environment which costitutes a
whole and complete unit which interacts to
produce environment balance, stability,
and productivity
(Riema, 1997)

45

Features of Indonesia ecosystem

THE LARGEST ISLAND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD

The most number of Islands, 17,508

The longest coastline, 81,000 KM
The most number of volcanoes, more than 100
The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 (Banda Sea)
to + 5,000 M (Cartenz)
INDONESIAS LAND AREA = 2,027,870 KM2
47

Abiotic Natural Environment of

Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands
stretching between two continents, Asia and
Australia. Total coastline of Indonesias 80,791
km (FAO, 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the
longest in the world.
The abiotic or physical natural environment of
Indonesia is composed of:

48

A.Land

1.91 million sq km

B.Ocean
Territorial waters
Continental water
EEZ

5.10 million sq km
3.00 million sq km
2.70 million sq km

Total

12.71 million sq km
48

C. Coastal Area
Coastal length
Marshes
Mangrove
Brackish Fish Pond

81,000km
10,000,000km
3,600,000km
183,000km

(Haeruman, 1987)
49

D. Inland Waters
Open waters
(lake, river, swamp, etc)
Fish Pond
Rice field waters
E. Mountains and Hills
Volcanoes, more than 100

13,700,000ha
40,000ha
61,000ha

(Haeruman, 1987)
49

Biotic Natural Environment

On the million ha land of Indonesia there is
143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38%
of land is covered by forest . This is the highest
percentage among the tropical rain forest in the
world. Among the 143,970 million ha forest is
designed for the :
1. Production forest
: 64,392,000 ha
2. Conversion forest
: 30,537,000 ha
3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha
4. Protected forest
: 30,316,000 ha
50

Indonesia highest degree of :

Biological diversity
Endemism
42 natural terrestrial &
5 marine ecosystems,

52

Ranging from:
Ice fields & alpine meadows (Papua)
to wide variety of humid lowland forest;
Deep lakes to shallow swamps;
Spectacular coral reefs to seagrass
beds & mangrove swamps.

52

Indonesia Ranks
First in the world for species richness for:
Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic);
Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44%
endemic);
Third for reptiles (600 species);
Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28% endemic);
Fifth for amphibians (270 species);
Seventh for flowering plants
(Tandjung, 2012)

53

A high number of Indonesias

marine biodiversity are still
unknown & underutilized

A very large proportion of total biota

comprises unknown invertebrates

54

INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF

THE TOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORLD

10% of the worlds flowering plant species,

12% of the worlds mammal species,
16% of the worlds reptile & amphibian

species,,
25% of the worlds fish species,
Chelinnus undulatus (Napoleon wrasse)
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Krapu macan)
Cromileptis altivelis (Krapu bebek)
56

Main Taxa Prediction of Organisms

Taxa
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Amphibia
Pisces
Gastropods
Insecta
Gymnospermae
Pteridophyt
Moss
Algae

World
4.000
8.900
8.000
6.000
38.000
150.000
1.250.000
300.000
13.000
16.000
21.000

Indonesia
%
300
7,5
7.500 84,27
2.000
25
1.000 16,66
9.500
25
20.000 13,33
250.000
20
25.000 8,33
1.250 9,62
1.500 9,38
1.800 8,57

57

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
The management of resources which
ensures their wise utilization, and in the
case of renewal natural resources,
ensures their continued supply by
constantly maintaining and improving
their value and variety.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ECODEVELOPMENT
58

The Management of Living Environment (for Sustainable

development) is an integrated effort in the:

utilization
regulation
maintenance
supervision
control
restoration
development

of the environment
(RIEMA, 1997)
59

Elevation > 4,000 m asl.

Low species diversity
High Moisture
Low temperature

Low temperature, high moisture

Dominantly moss ; low species diversity

Productivity relatively low;

Low Species diversity
Dominantly: Pine

Depterocarp plant, species diversity and

stratification, tropical, high productivity

High Productivity, stratification is complex

High diversity (Plants and Animals)
High Tempertaure and moisture
Climax Succession

Low diversity (vegetations), dominantly

Eucalyptus. Animals dominantly birds & reptile.
Low productivity and biomass.
Low moisture
Stratification not clear.

High plants : very rare, dominantly grass,

high temperature and low moisture

High temperature and low moisture

Subsystems: exokarst and endokarst
Low diversity both vegetations (dominantly:
xerophyt) and animals.

High temperature and low moist.

Low diversity (plants and animals)

Vegetations continuously:
Typha
Nymphea
Potamogeton
(lotus)
Scirpus
Sagitaria
Chara

vegetations continuous:
Potamogeton
Scirpus
Polygonum
Ruppia
Chara
Echinochola
Vallisneria

Physical: brackishwater, mud, high turbidity,

Biotic: Uca, Sesarma,

Mudskipper as bio-indicators in mangrove

Physics: high slope; caves

Biotic: Nerita, Balanus, Aerodramus
(swallow)

Physics: high salinity, silica, high transparancy

Vegetations: Halophila, Thalassia, Enhalus (sea grass)
Animals: Asterias, Deadema, Echinus, Ophiopolis,
Pagurus (ghost crabs), sea turtles

Physics : brackishwater, high transparancy

Biotics on sand: Ocypoda, Chiridotes, Emerita,
Pagurus
Biotics on gravels:
Littorina,
Balanus, Ostrea,
Mytilus, Leptogorgia

physics: temperature > 22 C, very high transparancy, total

high intensity, salinity 33 35 , far of estuary
Biotics: sea horses, yellow tail fish, fat-fish, kerapu,
beronang, etc. There are 32 species of high commodity
fishes of 132 species.

Continuous ecosystems (vertical view)

coniferous

decidous
illage mangrove sea

lake mix paddy-field

Aerial view
watershed
river

river

coniferous
decidous
village
mangrove
sea

lake mix paddy

Lake Ranjeng, Central Java

Elevation 1600 m. asl., depth >100
m

Water hyacin is growing because of

eutrophications (nutrient
enrichment)

POPULATION

NATURAL
RESOUCES

POLLUTION

Population in Indonesia (million)

194,8
179,4
147,4
119,2

205,1

218,9

Colaboration
INDOTAN INC.
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

NO SAFETY APPARATUS

TILLING WASTE WATER

HEALHTY IMPACT

f. Kadar merkuri dalam lumpur quarry dan tanah di sekitarnya.

Pelangan Selindungan

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

Sampel

PS II

PS III

PS IV

Lumpur Quarry

15.60

129.82

24.97

1 // 0

78.95

200.71

18.59

1 // 0.2

85.08

2.06

8.26

2 // 0

16.99

5.96

9.03

2 // 0.2

10.97

1.67

3.08

Ambang batas

Kadar merkuri di Tembowong dan Tawun

Sampel

Kadar merkuri (ppm) di berbagai

Stasiun pengamatan
TGP II

LPQ

19.04

TGP III

TGP IV

Ambang batas
(ppm)

TW IV

150.79

252.94

5.38

1 // 0

59.61

93.27

2.01

2.68

1 // 0.2

26.97

72.68

30.16

3.60

2 // 0

18.48

197.81

4.59

38.18

2 // 0.2

30.64

4.81

1.26

39.17

Kadar merkuri di Selodong

Sampel

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

MHN

SLD II

SLD III

SLD IV

SLD V

SLD VI

SLD VII

LPQ

27.61

92.16

17.74

67.11

46.89

11.55

1 // 0

11.78

15.12

5.31

18.4

18.07

14.48

0.76

3.81

8.66

1.42

8.61

15.43

0.77

1.14

16.53

11.85

3.88

5.31

11.34

8.4

2.81

3.32

15.99

0.67

3.61

15.87

1.24

1.85

1 // 0.2
2 // 0
2 // 0.2
NAB: 2 ppm

Kadar merkuri di Blongas

Stasiun pengamatan
Sampel

BLG I

BLG II

BLG III

BLG IV

BLG V

BLG VI

LPQ

10.11

29.32

46.18

39.38

8.82

52.49

1 // 0

6.49

44.58

16.84

13.50

20.25

15.22

1 // 0.2

4.21

43.74

1.87

13.40

6.59

13.67

2 // 0

8.12

17.52

2.97

20.24

39.48

12.71

2 // 0.2

2.00

8.80

2.40

11.19

35.59

9.99

Ambang
batas

g. Kadar merkuri dalam tumbuhan di sekitar quarry

Kadar merkuri dalam daun (ppm) di Pelangan-Selindungan

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

Spesies

Stasiun
I

Ambang batas

IV

Cyperus rotundus

0.00591

0.04165

Eupatorium inulifolium

2.79813

0.08434

Tectona grandis

0.02848

0.5*)

Kadar merkuri dalam daun (ppm) di Tembowong dan Tawun

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

Spesies

TGP I

TGP III

Cyperus rotundus

0,00349

0,59112

Eupatorium inulifolium

0,00274

Tectona grandis

0,07347

0,6199

TW I

Ambang
batas
(ppm)

TW III

0,12202

0,22186

0,99639

0,48976

0,94175

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

0,5*)

Kadar merkuri dalam daun di Selodong

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

Spesies

Stasiun

Ambang batas

III

Cyperus rotundus

0.05253

1.99719

Eupatorium inulifolium

0.01663

0.73499

Tectona grandis

0.05875

2.63470

0,5*)

Kadar merkuri dalam daun di Blongas

Kadar merkuri (ppm)

Stasiun

Spesies
I

III

Cyperus rotundus

0.02662

0.18159

Eupatorium inulifolium

0.00778

0.03193

Tectona grandis

0.00843

0.34219

Ambang batas
(ppm)

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

0.5*)

PAPER

SYSTEMATICS
1. Background
2. Emphirical Informations
3. Analysis
4. Discussion and Solutions
5. References

(Tandjung, 2012)

61

WRITTING
1. 5 pages
2. Font: Arial 11; space 1,5
3. Collect on April 6th, 2015
Reference in numbering or alphabetic
systems

61

Example
Marschner, P. and Z. Rengel. 2007. Nutrient Cycling in
Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer, Heidelber.
Susintowati dan S. Hadisusanto. 2014. Bioakumulasi
Merkuri dan Struktur Hepatopankreas Tarebralia
sulcata dan Nerita argus (Gastropoda:Molusca) di
Muara Sungai Lampon, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan . PSLH UGM. Vol.
21(1): 34-40.
Wilonoyudho, S. 2014. Migrasi dan Involusi di Kota
Semarang. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan .
PSLH
Vol. 21(1): 114-120.
61