ribosomes and protein

synthesis

What Is the Function of Ribosomes?

Ribosomesare the sites in a cell in
which protein synthesis takes place.
Cells have many ribosomes, and the
exact number depends on how active
a particular cell is in synthesizing
proteins. For example, rapidly
growing cells usually have a large
number of ribosomes

 One factor that helps ensure precise replication is the

double-helical structure of DNA itself. In particular, the two strands
of the DNA double helix are made up of combinations of molecules
called nucleotides. DNA is constructed from just four different
nucleotides
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C),
and guanine (G) each of which is named for the nitrogenous base
it contains. Moreover, the nucleotides that form one strand of the
DNA double helix always bond with the nucleotides in the other
strand according to a pattern known as complementary basepairing specifically, A always pairs with T, and C always pairs
with G (Figure 2). Thus, during cell division, the paired strands
unravel and each strand serves as the template for synthesis of a new
complementary strand.

Transcription
Transcription is the first step in
decoding a cell's genetic information.
During transcription, enzymes called
RNA polymerases build RNA
molecules that are complementary to
a portion of one strand of the DNA
double helix. Transcription includes
three stages, namely stages of
initiation, elongation, and
termination.

1) Initiation (Starters)
RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter attached or (part of DNA).
Set between the promoter and the
RNA polymerase called transcription
initiation complex. Subsequently,
RNA polymerase open the DNA
double chain.

2) Elongation
After opening the double chain
strands of DNA, RNA polymerase is
then compiled strands of RNA
nucleotides at the 5'to 3'direction. At
this elongation stage, RNA grew
elongated along with the formation
of a nitrogen base pairs of DNA.

Transcription elongation
stage

3) Termination
Preparation of nucleotide RNA
strands that had begun in the
promoter region ends at the
terminator region. Once transcription
is complete, the DNA chain fused
back to normal and RNA polymerase
immediately regardless of the DNA.
Finally, RNA mRNA apart and forming
new ones.

translation
Translation is the process of
translating some triplets or codons of
mRNA into amino acid-amino acid
protein that eventually form. The
steps in the process of translation is
as follows:

1) The Translation of
Initiation
Ribosomal small subunit binds to the
mRNA that has brought the password
for the amino acid to be made, then,
large molecules bound ribosomes
also shared the third molecule
forming the initiation complex. TRNA
molecules bind and remove amino
acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome by using GTP energy and
enzymes ..

The Translation of Initiation

2. Elongation of translation
Phase activation of amino acid
codon-by-codon occurs so that the
resulting amino acids one by one.
Amino acids that have been
activated by a tRNA previous work,
linked by peptide bonds formed at
the end of the tRNA carrier
polypeptide amino acids through the
process of elongation. Growing
polypeptide chain is getting longer

The elongation phase of

translation

termination

Translational process stops after the tRNA anticodon brought met

with codons UAA, UAG, or UGA. Thus, the polypeptide chain has
been formed to be released from the ribosome and processed to
form a functional protein.