Renewable Energy Resources

Prepared by

Akram Ali
75th JMC
Wapda Administrative Staff College
Islamabad

Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydrologic
Cycle

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydropower to
Electric Power
Potential Energy

Electrical Energy

Kinetic Energy
Mechanical
Energy

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Facts About Hydropower

A cubic meter of water gives 9800 J of

mechanical energy for every meter it
descends, and a flow of a cubic meter per
second
in a fall of 1 m can provide 9800 W,
Hydropowe
or
r; Is13 hp

clean,not produce greenhouse gasses or other air poll

Does
Leaves behind no waste
Is the most efficient way to generate electricity,
water energy comes directly in mechanical form,
with an efficiency can be made close to 1.
Is the leading source of renewable energy

Water is a naturally returning domestic produ

Start easily and quickly and change
power output rapidly
Save millions of barrels of oil

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

World Trends in
Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Facts About Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

World hydro
production

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Major Hydropower
Producers

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Worlds Largest
Dams

Nam
e
Country
ThreeGorges China
Itaip
Brazil/Paraguay
Guri
Venezuela
GrandCoulee UnitedStates
SayanoShushenskaya Russia
Robert-Bourassa Canada
ChurchilFals Canada
IronGates
Rom
ania/Serbia
Renewable Energy Resources

Year
2009
1983
1986
1942/80
1983
1981
1971
1970

n
M
axG
eneration PrA
o
d
18,200M
W
12,600M
W 93.4T
10,200M
W 46TW
6,809M
W 22.6T
6,400M
W
5,616M
W
5,429M
W 35TW
2,280M
W 11.3T
Hydropower

Three Gorges Dam

(China)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Itaip Dam (Brazil &

Paraguay)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Guri Dam (Venezuela)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Grand Coulee Dam (US)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

History of Hydro Power

The first use of the water wheel may

possibly have occurred in 4th century BC in
India
Shortage of labor made machines such as
the water wheel cost effective during the
Middlewheels
Ages. in ancient Rome and ancient
Water
China found many practical uses in powering
mills
for grinding
. all electricity is
World-wide,
about grain
20% of
generated by hydropower
Norway produces more than 99% of its
electricity with hydropower.

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Early Irrigation
Waterwheel

A noria

In this earliest water-wheel the paddles dip into the flowing water stream
and rotating the wheel lifting a series of jars raising water for irrigation

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Early Water
Mill

A water mill

This corn mill with horizontal axis wheel was described

in the first century BC. Note the use of gear chain

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Early Norse
Water Mill

A Norse mill

Mill of this early vertical-axis type are still in use for

mechanical power in remote mountainous regions

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Terminologies
Head

Water must fall from a higher elevation to a

lower one to release its stored energy.

The difference between these elevations (the

water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is
called Head

Dams: three categories

high-head (600 m or more m)

medium-head (75m to 600 m)
low-head (less than 75 m)

Power is proportional to the product of

= head x flow rate

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Hydroelectric Installation

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Hydroelectric Installation

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Hydroelectric Installation

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Scale of Hydropower Projects

Large-hydro

Medium-hydro

15 - 100 MW usually feeding into a grid

Small-hydro

More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity g

1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Mini-hydro

Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW

Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding

into the grid
Micro-hydro

From 5kW up to 100 kW

Usually provided power for a small community or

rural industry in remote areas away from the
grid.
Pico-hydro

From a few hundred watts up to 5kW

Remote areas away from the grid.

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Water Wheels

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Water Wheels

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Water Wheels

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Systems
Impoundment

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant.

Large system, uses a dam to store river water in
a
reservoir.
The
water may be released either to meet
changing electricity needs or to maintain a
constant reservoir
level.
Diversion
or run-of-river
systems
Most significantly smaller.
Facility channels is a portion of a river or
through a canal or penstock.
It may not require the use of a dam.

Pumped Storage

Reversible turbine/generator assemblies act as

pump and turbine (usually a Francis turbine
design).generation capacity is used to pump water
Excess
into the higher reservoir.

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Systems
Pumped Storage

For higher demand, water is released back into

the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating
electricity
Pure pumped-storage plants just shift the water
between reservoirs.
Combined
pump-storage plants also generate their
own electricity like conventional hydroelectric
plants
through 70%
natural
stream-flow.
Approximately
to 85%
of the electrical energy
used to pump the water into the elevated reservoir
can be
regained.
The
technique
is currently the most cost-effective
means of storing large amounts of electrical
energy

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Turbine Design Ranges

Kaplan

2 m < H < 40 m

Francis

10 m < H < 350 m

Pelton

50 m < H < 1300 m

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Turbine Application Ranges

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydro Power Calculations

Hydropower is very efficient

Efficiency

(electrica l power delivered to the busbar)

(potential energy of head water)

Typical losses are due to

Frictional drag and turbulence of flow

Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &

generator

Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydro Power Calculations

P g Q H
P 9.81 Q H
Where

P = power in kilowatts (kW)

g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
= turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1)
Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec)
H = effective head (m)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Example 1
Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters
(m) and a flow rate of 600 liters () per minute. How much power
could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant efficiency ( ) of 83%.

H = 25 m
Q = 600 /min 1 m3/1000 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
= 0.83
P 10 QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075
P 2.1 kW
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each year?

E = P*t
E = 2.1 kW 24 hrs/day 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Economics of Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

High Capital Expenses

5 MW hydro plant with 25 m low head

Construction cost of ~$20 million
Negligible operation costs
Additional benefits from dam

flood control, recreation, irrigation, etc.

50 MW combined-cycle gas turbine

~$20 million purchase cost of equipment
Significant operating fuel costs

Short-term pressures may favor fossil

fuel energy production

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydropower Adv. and Disadv.

Positive
N
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
f
r
e
e
,
w
i
t
h
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
y
n
o
C
O
2
,
N
O
X
,
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
i
m
SOX,hydrocarbons,orparticulates
ofwaterwithlossofh
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
o
u
t
p
u
t

d
e
p
e
efficiencytoelectricity(80+%
)
snowfal
Dispatchablewithstoragecapacity
Iinm
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
r
i
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
s
cludingfishm
igratio
U
s
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
b
a
s
e
l
o
a
d
,
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
u
m
p
e
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
f
d
i
s
p
storageapplications
Scalablefrom10KW
to20,000M
W Healthim
pactsindeve
Lowoperatingandm
aintenancecosts Highinitialcapitalcos
Longlifetim
es
Longleadtim
eincons

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Hydropower Adv. and Disadv.

Positive
Negative
hovrirptuaartlicyunlaoteC
O
2
,
N
O
X
,
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
i
m
p
o
u
n
d
m
e
n
t
o
f
l
a
r
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
s
ofwaterwithlossofhabitatduetolandinundation
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
o
u
t
p
u
t

d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
r
a
i
n
f
a
l
a
n
d
cty(80+%
)
snowfal
oragecapacity
Iinm
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
r
i
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
s
a
n
d
a
q
u
a
ti
c
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
,
cludingfishm
igrationandoxygendepletion
dpeakingandpum
ped Socialim
pactsofdisplacingindigenouspeople
KW
to20,000M
W Healthim
pactsindevelopingcountries
m
aintenancecosts Highinitialcapitalcosts
Longleadtim
einconstructionoflargeprojects
Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Classification of Hydro Turbines

Reaction Turbines

Impulse Turbines

Derive power from pressure drop across turbine

Totally immersed in water
Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
No pressure drop across turbines
Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

Types of Hydropower Turbines

Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Turbine
New Designs

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Thank you

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Conventional Impoundment Dam

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Schematic of Impound Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Diversion Hydropower (Runof-River)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Diversion Hydropower (Runof-River)

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Micro Run-of-River Hydropower

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Pumped Storage Schematic

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Pumped Storage System

At time of high demand

At time of low demand

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Pumped Storage Power Spectrum

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Schematic of Francis Turbine

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Francis Turbine Cross-Section

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Small Francis Turbine & Generator

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Francis Turbine

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Kaplan Turbine Schematic

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Kaplan Turbine Cross Section

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Horizontal Kaplan Turbine

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Pelton Wheel Turbine

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Turgo Turbine

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower

Types of Hydropower Turbines

Renewable Energy Resources

Hydropower