Hand Over

HANDOVER PROCESS
BSSPAR S8
NOKIA
BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 1
HANDOVER PROCESS
Contents
1. Overview
2. Handover Decision
3. Target Cell Selection
4. Algorithms
5. Power Budget Handover
6. Level & Quality Handover
7. Umbrella Handover
Combined Umbrella & Power
Budget
MS Speed
8. Imperative Handover
9. Timers for Handovers
10. C/I Based Handover Candidate
Evaluation
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Causes
Uplink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
Downlink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO
Uplink Level
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
Downlink Level
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
MS Speed
AV_MS_SPEED
Timing Advance
AV_RANGE_HO
QUALITY
&
INTERFERENCE
LEVEL
THRESHOLD
COMPARISON
MS SPEED
DISTANCE
RAPID FIELD DROP
Adjacent Cells
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
CHANNEL ADMINISTRATION
Others:
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Traffic Reason
.
NOKIA
IMPERATIVE
HO
DIRECTED RETRY
POWER BUDGET
UMBRELLA
PERIODIC
CHECKS
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Desicion
Handover process may be triggered by :

Quality, field strength or distance values
fall below/exceed their threshold
Periodic checks
Power budget HO
Umbrella HO
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Priority
Handover priority
1. Uplink and downlink Interference
2. Uplink quality
3. Downlink quality
4. Uplink level
5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Rapid Field Drop
8. Slow moving MS
9. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
10. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
11. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Target Cell Selection (1)
Best candidates to RR Management:
intra BSC HO max 16 cells under the same BSC as the source cell
inter BSC HO numberOfPreferredCells
Only for Adjacent

Cell of the
same BSC
Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (0..100%)

1.
If overloaded priority decreased by hoLoadFactor (0...7)
2.
Comparison of priorities of Candidates

(hoLevelPriority (0..7))
If two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities
3.
NOKIA
-> Ranking based on radio properties
HANDOVER PROCESS
Target Cell Selection (2)
All cells have equal priority
cell
One cell has higher priority because of so
Rx_Level
-75
1. Load
overl.
hoLoadFactor
2. Priority
3
New Priority 2
-80
overl.
1
3
2
-83
Rx_Level
-75
-80
n.overl. 1. Load
n./overl.
1
1
hoLoadFactor
2
3
2. Priority
4
3
3
New Priority 4/2
3
3.
-80
3.
c , a ,b
=> cell list

=> cell list
Rx_Level
=> cell list
NOKIA
-75
cell
Rx_Level
-75
-83
n.overl. n
1
1
3
3
-80/-80 -83
a,b,c (if cell a is not overl

b,c,a
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Algorithms
In all Handover cases (in imperative HO only requirement)
1.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A)

A = msTxPwrMax(n) - P
P = MS Classmark
Except for Umbrella Handover

1.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)
The additional condition

2.
PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n)

PBGT = (msTxPwrMax - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - (btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR)) - (msTxPwrMax(n) - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))
2.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > AV_RXLEV_DL_HO + (btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR) + hoMarg

If enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (1)
Equations 1 and 2 are used
Serving Cell:
Best Adjacent Cell:
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm
msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W) rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W)
BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W) btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB
1.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)

-80 dBm > -99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm) = -99 dBm
2.
PBGT = (msTxPwrMax - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - (btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR)) - (msTxPwrMax(n) - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))

PBGT = (33 dBm - -90 dBm - (42 dBm - 42 dBm)) - (33 dBm - -80 dBm)
= 10 dB
10 dB > 6 dB OK !!!!
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (2)
Trigger
Candidate Selection
Periodic Check ( hoPeriodPBGT )

Equation 1 & 2 used
Priority and Load Considered
Typically used between cells of the same "Layer"
Parameter
NOKIA
Value
hoPeriodPBGT
enablePwrBudgetHandover
1 ... 63 (SACCH Period)

Y/N
rxLevMinCell(n)
msTxPwrMax(n)
hoMarginPBGT(n)
-110 -47 dBm

5 43 dBm
-24 24 dB
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level
Trigger
Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (px - nx) )
Candidate Selection
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N
Equation 2' with hoMarginLev used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
Parameter
hoThresholdLevUL/DL
px
nx
rxLevMinCell(n)
msTxPwrMax(n)
hoMarginLev(n)
NOKIA
Value
-110 -47
1 32
1 32
-110 -47 dBm
5 43 dBm
-24 24 dB
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Quality
Trigger
Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) )
Candidate Selection
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N
Equation 2' with hoMarginQual used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
Parameter
hoThresholdQualUL/DL
px
nx
rxLevMinCell(n)
msTxPwrMax(n)
hoMarginQual(n)
NOKIA
Value
07
1 32
1 32
-110 -47 dBm
5 43 dBm
-24 24 dB
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level or Quality
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes
hoMarginLev = 4 dB
hoMarginQual = 0 dB
Handover Attempt
A
Threshold (Lev)
2 dB
=> Handover (Level) is unsuccesfull, 2 dB < 4

=> Handover (Qual) is successfull,
2 dB > 0
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Interference (1)
Trigger : Threshold Comparison
Threshold Comparison for Quality ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) )

Threshold Comparison for Level ( hoThresholdsInterferenceUL/DL (px - nx) )
Candidate Selection
Priority InterCell / Intracell selected at BSC independently UL / DL

Priority Intra
Priority Inter
Quality HO if Any TargetIntra Cell HO
Otherwise Intra Cell HO
Parameter
NOKIA
Value
hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL
px
nx
enableIntraHoInterfUL/DL
-110 -47
1 32
1 32
Y/N
hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL
INTER / INTRA
BSC
HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Interference (2)
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set
hoThresholdQual
=4
hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -90 dBm
hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = intra Handover Attempt
Threshold (Lev)A
-90 dBm
B
- Field strength higher than threshold
- Bad quality
=> interference
=> intra cell handover !!
NOKIA
0
5
HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (1)
Trigger
Candidate Selection
Periodic Check ( hoPeriodUmbrella )

Equation 1' used
Consistency between mobile classmark and target cell power constraints
Multi-Layered Network
Example
Macro cell
Umbrella
Handover
GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm)

A
gsmMacrocellThreshold = 35 dBm
gsmMicrocellThreshold = 33 dBm -85 dBm
msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm
-90 dBm
B
hoLevUmbrella = -85 dBm
Umbrella
hoThresholdLevDL = -90 dBm
Handover
NOKIA
Micro cell
Handover due
to Level
6 dB
Handover due
to Level
HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (2)
Max power capability of MS >= gsmMacrocellThreshold
HO allowed only to a macrocell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) >= gsmMacrocellThreshold )
gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold

HO only to middle size cell ( gsmMicrocellThreshold < MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <
gsmMacrocellThreshold )
Max power capability of MS <= gsm MicrocellThreshold
HO allowed only to microcell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <= gsmMicrocellThreshold )
Parameter
enableUmbrellaHandover
hoPeriodUmbrella
hoLevelUmbrella
gsmMicrocellThreshold
gsmMacrocellThreshold
NOKIA
Value
Y/N
0 63 (SACCH)
-110 -47
5 43
5 43
BSC
HANDOVER PROCESS
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget
When
enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes
Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer

Umbrella Handover to cells of different layer
Based on
gsmMacrocellThreshold, gsmMicrocellThreshold
msTxPwrMax, msTxPwrMax(n)
UMB
RR
PBGT
umbrella HO
radio reason HO
power budget HO
macrocells
MS classmark
PBGT,RR
UMB,RR
UMB,RR
PBGT,RR
microcells
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
Multi-Layer Network
Problem :
NOKIA
Slow Moving MS in Microcells
Determine the MS speed

Direct MS to correct Layer
Fast Moving MS in Macrocells
Methods
Fast moving MS handling

MS speed detection
HANDOVER PROCESS
Adjacent Cell Layer Definition
Three layers visible to serving cell

To be used in
Fast moving MS handling in macro cell

HOs based on MS speed (BSS6)
Combined umbrella and power budget
Umbrella HO
Supports multilayer networks

upper layer (macro)
Parameter
adjacentCellLayer
same layer (serving layer)

lower layer (micro)
N (not in use)
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : Fast Moving MS Handling
Fast Moving MS Handling in macro layer
# of measurements received from adjacent microcells

slow or fast moving MS
Macro cells parameters
for each adjacent micro cell:
Counter for each adjacent micro cell

+2
measurement and over rxLevMinCell
-1
no meas. or bad level
fastMovingThreshold 0 .. 255
rxLevMinCell
hoLevelUmbrella
Target cell selection based on adjacent

cell RX_LEVEL and on hoLevelUmbrella
BSC
micro
macro as serving cell
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example
macrocells
time t
hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm
measured
signal strength
HO
RxMinCell = -95 dBm
microcells
HO
FMT Threshold=40
time t
NOKIA
FMT Counter
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example
macrocells
time t
hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm
RxMinCell = -85 dBm
measured
signal strength
HO
HO
microcells
FMT Threshold=40
time t
FMT Counter
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (1)
BTS detects the MS speed by using crossing rate algorithm
BTS supports measurement of MS speed
Call is on non-hopping TCH (no SDCCH, no Hopping TRX)
BTS sends MS speed indications every SACCH multiframe period (480 msec.)
Speed Indications are not valid if
( * ) UL DTX was used during the SACCH period
( ** ) MS was changing output power during the SACCH period
BSC Averages MS speed indications

Window Size is msSpeedAveraging ( pre processing in BTS )
Result is AV_MS_SPEED
BSC ignores non valid speed indications ( * , ** )
AV_MS_SPEED is compared with Thresholds

LowerSpeedLimit
UpperSpeedLimit
px and nx are in common
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
LowerSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for slow-moving MS

UpperSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for fast-moving MS
Target Cell Selection
Fast-moving to upper / Slow-moving to lower layer adjacent cells

Equation 1' used
Priority considered
0 means "Not Used"
Parameter
msSpeedAveraging
lowerSpeedLimit
upperSpeedLimit
msSpeedThresholdNx
msSpeedThresholdPx
adjCellLayer
hoLevelUmbrella
NOKIA
Value
1 ... 32 (SACCH Period)
0
0
1
1
255
255
32
32
N / Same / Upper / Lower

-110 ... -47 dBm
HANDOVER PROCESS
Reporting the MS Speed
MS speed is included to the "Supplementary Measurement Information" (SMI) of the

"Uplink Measurement" Information Element.
"Uplink Measurement" is one of the Information Elements of the MEASurement

RESult message
BTS can develop the speed detection algorithm independently, no affect on the BSC
Uplink Measurements:
rfu
DTXd
Reserved
Reserved
Element identifier
Length
RXLEV-FULL-up
RXLEV-SUB-up
RXQUAL-FULL-up
RXQUAL-SUB-up
Supplementary
Measurement
Infmormation
NOKIA
5
6-N
1st
1stbyte
byte==MS
MSspeed
speed
0..254
0..254 speed,
speed,2km/h
2km/h
255
not
valid
255
not valid
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (4) Statistics
HO causes, cell specific MS speed in 3 classes
HO counters:
HO due to fast MS (micro-macro)
Statistical measurement / Example:
HO due to slow MS (macro-micro)
Upper speed limit of class 1, MSSpeedClass1: 10 (speed 0-10 km/h)

Upper speed limit of class 2, MSSpeedClass2 : 30 (speed 11-30 km/h)
Otherwise the speed belongs to class 3 (more than 30 km/h)
MMLs: HSMMML, GPAHAN

header information (observed cell)
speed class 1
number of samples in speed class 1
speed class 2
speed class 3

total number of indications
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
Combination of Fast Moving MS Handling (BSC) and MS Speed Detection (BTS)
macrocell
with RF hopping
fast MSs
BSS5/Fast MS
BSS6/MS speed
Adjacent cell
measurements
slow MSs
meas_res
BTS
HO&PC
algorithm
Crossing rate algorithm

, no RF hopping
microcell(s)
NOKIA
BSC
BTS
HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover (Distance)
The Handover is considered to be imperative:
Handover due to Distance

Order to empty a cell ( from O&M )
Directed Retry and IDR
Distance Process
Distance Process ---> msDistanceBehaviour (0,1..60,255) in BSC
0
: Release immediately
1 - 60
: Release after certain time 1 - 60 s, try handover d
255 : No release, only imperative Handover attempt
Parameter
NOKIA
Value
enableMsDistanceProcess
msDistanceHoThresholdParam
px
nx
Y/N
0 63
1 32
1 32
msDistanceBehaviour
0, 1 60, 255BSC
HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover (Rapid Field Drop)
Trigger
Threshold Comparison ( HoThresholdRapidLevUl (px) )
Rx_Lev_UL (Not averaged / Only UL)
Candidate Selection
Chained adjacent cell
Equation 1 only / no priority
Multi-Layered Network
Example
NOKIA
Serving
Cell
MS
Serving
Cell
-93 dBm
hoThresholdRapidLevUl = - 93 dBm
.
1st
.
hoThresholdRapidLevUlN (px) = 2
chainedAdjacentCell = Yes Rapid Field Drop Handover
Parameter
Value
hoThresholdLevULforRapidFieldDrop
hoThresholdRapidLevU1N
-110 ... -47 dBm

0 ... 32
chainedAdjacentCell
Y/N
Chained
Cell
2nd
HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover (Enhanced Rapid Field Drop)
In case of DDE (Deep Dropping Edge), the averaging window

sizes and power budget period are reduced
level downlink window size
level uplink window size
adjacent cell averaging window size
handover period power budget
Signal Level
Signal Level
A MS moves away from cell site,

the signal is dropping gradually
MS turns a corner, the

signal drops faster than
moving in straight line
A MS turns a corner,
the signal drops rapidly
Figure 7 Signal Strength of a Fast Moving MS
NOKIA
MS moves away from cell site,

the signal is dropping gradually
Time
Figure 8 Signal Strength of a Slow Moving MS
Time
HANDOVER PROCESS
Parameter
erfdEnabled
ddeThresholdLev
Nx
Px
ddeWindow
modifiedAveWinNcell
modifiedNOZ
erfdOver
NOKIA
Value
0
1
1
1
1
1
DIS, UL, DL or UDL

63 dB
32
32
32 SACCH
32
1 32
64 sec
HANDOVER PROCESS
Example
ddeWindow = 3 SACCH
ddeThresholdLev = 10, px = 2 and nx =3
the BSC compares the most recent measurement sample 4 (multiframe k) with the
measurement sample 1 (multiframe k-2).
Sample
Signal
level
1
-71
dBm
2
-68
dBm
3
-70
dBm
4
-71
dBm
5
-69
dBm
6
-70
dBm
7
-75
dBm
8
-83
dBm
DDE_LEVEL = RXLEV(k- ddeWindow) RXLEV(k) = -69 dBm (-83 dBm) = 14 dB
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Practical Examples
a
1. Adjacent Channel in Adjacent Cell

- 9dB
C Ia - 9 dB
In practice after -6 dB -> interferencies + quality goes down to 4-5

hoMarginLev > -6 dB
-> Ping-Pong !!
X
2. Cell with Very Large Coverage Area A
MS switched off in cell A and

transferred to area of cell X
20 km
MS switched on in new place
-> MS tries first old channel + neighbours
MS camped on cell A which is not in neighbour list of cell X
-> do not listen BCCH of cell X -> no HOs to cell X !!!
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers
Minimum time between consecutive handovers related to the same connections
Minimum time between handover attempts after a failure
MinIntBetweenHoReq
MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
Applied differently in Intercell / Intracell handovers
Additional Guard Periods are used for Back-handovers
Quality
Distance
Traffic reason
Interference
Parameter
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
minIntBetweenHoReq
NOKIA
Value
0 ... 30 (seconds)
0 ... 30 (seconds)
HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers (HO Failure)
Reversion to old channel OR no radio resource available

MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied only to intra-cell handover attempts
Other failure cases (BSS failures)

MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to all types of handover attempts
Reversion to old channel

( 1 + NUMBER_OF_HO_FAIL ) * MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
applied to handover attempts to the same target cell
No Radio Resource Available

MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to handover attempts to the same
target cells ( all those in the list )
Other Failure Cases

MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to all types of handover attempts
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
Timers ( Guard period for back - handover )
after a HO due to quality (UL/DL) and interference (UL/DL):
a Power Budget HO back is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodPBGT
an Umbrella HO back is not allowed during

GUARD_TIME = 2 * HoPeriodUmbrella
after an inter-cell HO due to MS-BS distance:

a HO back to the source cell is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + MinIntBetweenHOReq
after a Traffic Reason HO:

Power Budget HO and Umbrella HO back to the source are not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + MinIntBetweenHOReq
Repetitive Intra Cell HO not allower during

GUARD_TIME = 4 * MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt
NOKIA
HANDOVER PROCESS
C/I Based Handover Candidate Evaluation
Designed to estimate the level of the potential interference for each handover
candidate.
The purpose is to direct the mobile station to a cell which can provide interference
free service at the current location of the MS
Enabled by usedC/IEstimationMethod
Each Adjacent Cell can have up to 5 "reference cell"
Real source of interference or just reference

Parameter
Value
usedC/IEstimationMethod
LAC1-5
CI1-5
L1-5
W1-5
NOKIA
AVE (Average taking meth

MAX (Maximum taking met
NONE (C/I estimation not us
Location area code of reference cell 1-5

0 ... 65535
Cell identification of reference cell 1-5
0 ... 65535
Level adjustment for reference cell 1-5
- 63 ... 63 dB
C/I estimation weight parameter for reference cell 1-5 0 ... 10
HANDOVER PROCESS
C/I Based Handover Candidate Evaluation
C/I is calculated for the handover candidates
Averaged over the reference cells (Average)

By taking the worst interferer (Maximum)
C/I is compared to 7 user-defined bands
priorityAdjStepforBand1
.
.
>=
>=LowerC/ILimit1
LowerC/ILimit1
>=
LowerC/ILimit2
>= LowerC/ILimit2
.
.
>=
LowerC/ILimit6
>= LowerC/ILimit6
>=
>=LowerC/ILimit7
LowerC/ILimit7
Priority of the Cell is incremented of the

quantity associated to the band
-8 Eliminates the Adjacent Cell from the candidates list
Parameter
Value
lowerC/ILimit
... 127 dB
L1 (Lower C/I limit for band 1)
-128
L2 (Lower C/I limit for band 2)
-128
... 127 dB
... 127 dB
NOKIA
L6adj.
(Lower
C/I limit
band
P1 (Priority
for band
1) for -8
...
P2 (Priority adj. for band 2) -8 ...
P6 (Priority adj. for band 6) -8 ...
6)
7
7
7
-128
HANDOVER PROCESS
Traffic Reason Handover
Traffic reason handover procedure consists of the following
parts:
radio frequency (RF) resource indication;

BTS sends information on idle channels and interference levels to the
BSC periodically.
resource indication;
During resource indication, the BSC sends resource information on
idle channels to the MSC using a method defined by the MSC.
handover candidate enquiry;

TRHI On / TRHO Of
During handover candidate enquiry, the MSC requests the BSC to

perform a specified number of handovers from one specified cell to
other specified cells.
TRHI Of / TRHO On
MSC controlled handover.

The MSC-controlled handover, which is external from the BSC's point
of view, is started.
Parameter
Traffic Reason HO Function To Cell
Traffic Reason HO Function From Cell
NOKIA
TRHI On / TRHO On
Value
(TRHI)
(TRHO)
Off / On
Off / On
HANDOVER PROCESS
Traffic Reason Handover, Resource Indication (1)
Resource Indication Method in "Resource Request" message (from MSC to BSC)
No indication: no indication will be sent from the BSC (in the acknowledgment message no
resource information)
One single indication: one indication will be sent from the BSC in the acknowledgment
message
Periodic: the BSC will immediately send one resource indication and then periodically according
to the Resource Indication Period, RIP
Spontaneous: BSC will send resource indications for a cell every time the load on a cell
exceeds the BTSLoadThreshold value.
RI must be set to ON
Parameter
Resource Indication Function
(RI)
Resource Indication Method
(RIM)
Periodic / Spontaneous
Resource Indication Period
(RIP)
Load Information Validity Time (LIV)
NOKIA
Value
On / Off
No Indication / One Single Indication
e.g. 080 (x 100 msec)

e.g. 010 (sec)
HANDOVER PROCESS
Traffic Reason Handover, Resource Indication (2)
ERI : Enables the use of TAR and SM
SM : MSC asks for a single Resource Indication (Resource Request) without the BSC
TCHF & TCHH : Define the number of available TCH (Half Rate or Full Rate) in the BTS in
TAR : Usage of the Information available in Resource Indication or rather use TCHF and
TCHH
changing the Resource Indication Method
question ( operator input in MSC )
Parameter
NOKIA
Value
Extended Resource Indicator Function

Total Accessible Resource Indication
Subsequent Mode (SM) On / Off
(ERI) On / Off
(TAR) On / Off
Full Rate Traffic Channel Max Count

Half Rate Traffic Channel Max Count
(TCHF)
(TCHH)
00000
00000
HANDOVER PROCESS
Traffic Reason Handover, Handover Candidate
Enquiry (1)
OUTC : is used by MSC to recognize the Source Cell for Traffic Reason Handover
Target Cell must be an adjacent cell to Source Cell in MSC.
INC : is used by the MSC to identify the candidate Target Cell for Traffic Reason Handover
HO_Cand_Amount = COEF * (OUTC * Number of TCH - FREE_CH) + HYST

Number of Channels that SHOULD be free
Parameter
Number of Channels that ARE free
Value
In_Criterion
(INC)
e.g. 030 (%)
Out_Criterion (OUTC)
e.g. 010 (%)
Handover Candidate Enquiry Jitter
(HOJ) 000 (sec)
Coefficient
(COEF)
010 (x 0.1)
Hysteresis Value (HYST) 000
Interference Levels for In-Criterion
Interference Levels for Out-Criterion
NOKIA
(INTI) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(INTO) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
HANDOVER PROCESS
Traffic Reason Handover, Handover Candidate
Enquiry (2)
BSC receives an "Handover Candidate Enquiry" message from MSC
A list of the candidate target cells
A number of MS to be handed over
For a generic ongoing call

A ranked list of adjacen cell is created based on :
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > trhoTargetLevel(n) + Max( 0 , ( msTxPwrMaxCell(n) - P ) )
The list is compared to the one received from MSC

If some cells appear in both, they are target cells for an MSC controlled HO.
BSC checks all ongoing calls in order of TRX / TSL until

All ongoing calls are considered
Enough Handovers are triggered
No sorting of MS is done (based on quality / distance / level..)

Parameter
trhoTargetLevel(n)
NOKIA
Value
-109 -47 dBm / N (=-110 dB
Advanced Multilayer Handling: three

features concept (1)
Intelligent underlay-overlay
Handover
GSM/super
Multilayer
handling
DCS/micro
NOKIA
Load
PBGTm Penalty IUO
MCN
>80
60
<50
Yes
Yes
AMH 1:
BSC Initiated TRHO benefits (2)
Network wide load can be smoothed out by reducing power budget margins
between heavy loaded and less loaded cells => more trunking efficiency =>
more capacity
Capacity of the regular layer can be released and performance of IUO is
increased => Quality + capacity
Ping-pong handovers are avoided due to AMH penalty system => quality
Handover
+0 dB
NOKIA
+4dB
+6 dB
AMH 2:
IUO Load Control benefits (3)
During a very light load, only regular frequencies are used. Thus additional
handovers are avoided => increases quality
super-reuse TRX
NOKIA
AMH 3:
Multilayer Load Control benefits (4)
Avoid additional handovers between different layers => quality
In the night time, when the load is very small, and the speed of the MSs can
be very fast, the MSs can be kept in the macro cell layer => quality
GSM/macro
DCS/micro
NOKIA
Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (1)
DADL/B is DR like procedure, triggered due to exceded TCH load in accessed cell
Allows also the support for Phase 1 MSs
Target cells are selected according to MS properties, radio environment and adjacent cell
indications and priorities
accessed P-GSM
900 macro cell
SDCCH
3rd
P-GSM 900
micro cell
1st
TCH
TCH
TCH
2nd
GSM 1800 cell

E-GSM 900 cell
BENEFIT: By directing the calls to proper layer / band as early as possible the network can
absorb more traffic and thus provide more capacity
NOKIA
DADL/B functionality (2)
DADL/B is applied in call setup phase if
DADL/B feature is enabled with BSC level optionality management parameter

TCH load of accessed cell exceeds the BTSLoadThreshold
There are adjacent cells defined with the dadlbTargetCell parameter (cells verified according to MS
capabilities), which are to be used as target cells for DADL/B handover.
The signal level of the DADL/B target cell exceeds the HOLevelUmbrella(n)
BSC will evaluate the target cells for DADL/B handover during the time indicated with the MinTimeLimitDR
parameter
Adjacent cell priorities HOPriorityLevel(n) and load factors HOLoadFactor(n) are used in target cell
sorting for DADL/B handover
DR will be applied if there is real TCH congestion in accessed cell
Pre-emption has higher priority than DADL/B handover
If the DADL/B handover fails (no TCHs available in target cells, no DADL/B target cells, MS returns to old
channel) the TCH is tried to allocate attempted from the accessed cell
NOKIA
DADL/B applications (3)
The use of DADL/B is flexible with adjacent cell indications and thus
DADL/B can be tailored to different environments / concepts
Multilayer
Office
2nd
2nd
Multiband
1st
1st
Multilayer & band
GSM 900 macro
GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1800
GSM 900 micro
NOKIA

Hand Over

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HANDOVER PROCESS

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 1

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 2

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 3

Handover process may be triggered by :

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 4

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 5

Only for Adjacent

Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (0..100%)

Comparison of priorities of Candidates

-> Ranking based on radio properties

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 6

One cell has higher priority because of so

=> cell list

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 7

a,b,c (if cell a is not overl

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A)

Except for Umbrella Handover

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)

The additional condition

PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n)

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > AV_RXLEV_DL_HO + (btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR) + hoMarg

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 8

Best Adjacent Cell:

AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)

PBGT = (msTxPwrMax - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - (btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR)) - (msTxPwrMax(n) - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 9

Periodic Check ( hoPeriodPBGT )

Typically used between cells of the same "Layer"

1 ... 63 (SACCH Period)

-110 -47 dBm

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 10

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 11

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 12

Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes

=> Handover (Level) is unsuccesfull, 2 dB < 4

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 13

Trigger : Threshold Comparison

Threshold Comparison for Quality ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) )

Priority InterCell / Intracell selected at BSC independently UL / DL

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 14

Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 15

Periodic Check ( hoPeriodUmbrella )

GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm)

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 16

gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 17

Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 18

Slow Moving MS in Microcells

Determine the MS speed

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 19

Fast Moving MS in Macrocells

Fast moving MS handling

Three layers visible to serving cell

Fast moving MS handling in macro cell

Supports multilayer networks

same layer (serving layer)

BSSPAR FOR S8 / 12.08.1999 / Cellular Network Planning page: 20

Fast Moving MS Handling in macro layer

# of measurements received from adjacent microcells

Counter for each adjacent micro cell