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Hand Tools
Introduction
Central Institute of Hand Tools was established in
1983 with assistance from United Nations
development program (UNDP), government of
India and government of Punjab.
CIHT aim is to provide technology support
services and trained manpower to engineering
industry in general and the hand tools industries in
particular to achieve global standards.
Forging
Forging is the working of metal into a useful
shape by hammering or pressing.
The oldest of the metalworking arts (primitive
blacksmith).
Replacement of machinery occurred during
early the Industrial revolution.
Forging machines are now capable of making
parts ranging in size of a bolt to a turbine rotor.
Most forging operations are carried out hot,
although certain metals may be cold-forged.
Forging operations
Edging is used to shape the ends of the
bars and to gather metal. The metal flow
is confined in the horizontal direction but
it is free to flow laterally to fill the die.
Drawing is used to reduce the crosssectional area of the work piece with
concurrent increase in length.
Punching are used to produce holes in
metals.
Classification of
forging processes
Forging hammer or drop
hammer.
Press forging.
Board hammer
Power hammer
Forging presses: There is one basic
type of forging press available;
Mechanical presses
Board hammer
The upper die and ram are raised by friction rolls
gripping the board.
After releasing the board, the ram falls under
gravity to produce the blow energy.
The hammer can strike between 60-150 blows
per minute depending on size and capacity.
The board hammer is an energy restricted
machine. The blow energy supplied equal the
potential energy due to the weight and the
height of the fall.
Potential energy = mgh
Board hammer
Forging Hammer
The process is done with a ram,
delivering intermittent blows to the
section to be forged, applying
tremendous pressure, shaping the
material, by an instantaneous
application of pressure to a relatively
small area.
The hammer is forced from its
maximum height, by air pressure.
Forging Hammer
Mechanical press
A mechanical press is a device designed to apply very high
force to form, shape, or cut materials, to compress solids,
or to extract liquids.
Mechanical presses range in size from very small units that
are operated by hand, to large powered industrial units
used in manufacturing and assembly line applications.
For example, a simple hand-press can be used to remove a
bearing from a machine assembly, or a large press may be
used to stamp sheet metal into the curved shapes used to
construct automobile bodies.
Mechanical press