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Objective of Lecture

Review how to determine whether a

sinusoidal signal is lagging or leading a


reference signal.
Chapter 9.2 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Explain phasor notation.


Describe the mathematical relationships

between phasor notation and rectangular


coordinates.
Chapter 9.3 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Sinusoidal Voltage
v(t ) Vm sin(t )
where Vm is the amplitude of the sinusoid
is the angular frequency in radians/s
is the phase angle in degrees
t + is the argument of the sinusoid

Period and Frequency


T is the period of a sinusoid; units are
seconds
f is the frequency with units of Hz (cycles
1
2
per second)

Phase between Cosine


and Sine
v (t) = 6V sin(20t + 40 )
1

v2(t) = -4V cos(20t + 20o)


v1(t) = 6V cos(20t + 40o - 90o) = 6V cos(20t 50o)
v2(t) = 4V cos(20t + 20o - 180o) = 4V cos(20t
- 160o)
Phase angle between them is 110o and v1
leads v2

Alternatively
v1(t) = 6V sin(20t + 40o)
v2(t) = -4V cos(20t + 20o)
v1(t) = 6V sin(20t + 40o)
v2(t) = 4V sin(20t + 20o - 90o) = 4V sin(20t 70o)
Phase angle between them is 110o

Conversions for Sinusoids

A sin(t +)
- A sin(t +)

- A cos(t +)

A sin(t +)

A cos(t +- 90o)
A sin(t ++
180o )
Or
A sin(t +- 180o )
A cos(t ++
180o )
Or
A cos(t +- 180o )
A sin (t +- 360o)
Or
A sin (t ++
360o)
o

Steps to Perform Before


Comparing
Angles
between
The comparison can only be done if the angular
frequency of both signals are equal.
Signals

Express the sinusoidal signals as the same trig


function (either all sines or cosines).
If the magnitude is negative, modify the angle in the
trig function so that the magnitude becomes positive.
If there is more than 180o difference between the two
signals that you are comparing, rewrite one of the trig
functions
Subtract the two angles to determine the phase angle.

Phasor
A complex number that represents the

amplitude and phase of a sinusoid


Vm x 2 y 2

tan 1 y x arctan y x

jy
imaginar
y

Vm

x Vm cos
y Vm sin

real

Real Number Line


If there is no imaginary component to the

phasor, then the phasor lies on the real


number line (x-axis).
Pm written
0 o
Positive real numbers are
as:
Phasor notation
Pm

Rectangular coordinates
o

180
Negative real numbersPare
written as:
m
Phasor notation
Pm
Rectangular coordinates

Imaginary Number Line


If there is no real component to the phasor,

then the phasor lies on the imaginary number


line (y-axis).
o
Pm 90are
Positive imaginary numbers
written as:
Phasor notation
jPm

Rectangular coordinates

o
Pm 90are
Negative imaginary numbers
written as:
Phasor notation
jPm

Rectangular coordinates

Phasor Representation
Polar coordinates:

V Vm

V Vm cos( ) j sin( )
Rectangular coordinates
Sum of sines and cosines x Vm cos( ) y Vm sin( )

Exponential form:

V Vm e j

Where the sinusoidal function is:

v(t ) Vm cos(t )

Sinusoid to Phasor
Conversion
The sinusoid should be written as a cosine.
Amplitude or magnitude of the cosine should be

positive.
This becomes the magnitude of the phasor

Angle should be between +180 o and -180o.


This becomes the phase angle of the phasor.
Note that the frequency of the sinusoid is not

included in the phasor notation. It must be


provided elsewhere.
Phasors are commonly used in power systems, where the

frequency is understood to be 60 Hz in the United States.

Sinusoid-Phasor
Transformations
Time Domain
Vm cos(t + )
Vm sin(t + )
Im cos(t + )
Im sin(t + )

Phasor Domain
Vm

Vm 90o
I m

I m 90o

Assumes Vm is positive and -180o 180o

Phasor Notation
Phasor notation is used when there are one or
more ac power sources in a circuit. All of
these power sources operate at the same
single frequency.
Used extensive in power systems because
almost all of these systems operate at 60 Hz
in the United States.
Bold V and I are used to show that phasor
notation is being used.

Examples
Sinusoidal Function :
3V sin(100t 200 ) 3V cos(100t 700 )
Converting to phasor notation : 3V 700
Sinusoidal Function :
7 A sin(350t 1000 ) 7 A cos(350t 1900 )
7 A cos(350t 100 ) 7 A cos(350t 1700 )
Converting to phasor notation : 7 A1700

Examples
Rectangular
Coordinates

5 3 j V
30 j100 A
0.4 0.25 j
75 j150 A

Phasor Notation

5.83V 31.0 0
104A 73.30
0.472 32.0 0
168A 63.4 0

Summary
Phasor notation is used in circuits that have only

ac power sources that operate at one frequency.


The frequency of operation is not included in the

notation, but must be stated somewhere in the


circuit description or schematic.
The steps to convert between sinusoidal functions
and rectangular coordinates were described.
To express a phasor Pm in rectangular
coordinates (Re + jIm) can be performed using
the following equations:
Pm Re 2 Im 2 Re Pm cos

tan 1 Im Re

Im Pm sin

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