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Sinusoidal Voltage
v(t ) Vm sin(t )
where Vm is the amplitude of the sinusoid
is the angular frequency in radians/s
is the phase angle in degrees
t + is the argument of the sinusoid
Alternatively
v1(t) = 6V sin(20t + 40o)
v2(t) = -4V cos(20t + 20o)
v1(t) = 6V sin(20t + 40o)
v2(t) = 4V sin(20t + 20o - 90o) = 4V sin(20t 70o)
Phase angle between them is 110o
A sin(t +)
- A sin(t +)
- A cos(t +)
A sin(t +)
A cos(t +- 90o)
A sin(t ++
180o )
Or
A sin(t +- 180o )
A cos(t ++
180o )
Or
A cos(t +- 180o )
A sin (t +- 360o)
Or
A sin (t ++
360o)
o
Phasor
A complex number that represents the
tan 1 y x arctan y x
jy
imaginar
y
Vm
x Vm cos
y Vm sin
real
Rectangular coordinates
o
180
Negative real numbersPare
written as:
m
Phasor notation
Pm
Rectangular coordinates
Rectangular coordinates
o
Pm 90are
Negative imaginary numbers
written as:
Phasor notation
jPm
Rectangular coordinates
Phasor Representation
Polar coordinates:
V Vm
V Vm cos( ) j sin( )
Rectangular coordinates
Sum of sines and cosines x Vm cos( ) y Vm sin( )
Exponential form:
V Vm e j
v(t ) Vm cos(t )
Sinusoid to Phasor
Conversion
The sinusoid should be written as a cosine.
Amplitude or magnitude of the cosine should be
positive.
This becomes the magnitude of the phasor
Sinusoid-Phasor
Transformations
Time Domain
Vm cos(t + )
Vm sin(t + )
Im cos(t + )
Im sin(t + )
Phasor Domain
Vm
Vm 90o
I m
I m 90o
Phasor Notation
Phasor notation is used when there are one or
more ac power sources in a circuit. All of
these power sources operate at the same
single frequency.
Used extensive in power systems because
almost all of these systems operate at 60 Hz
in the United States.
Bold V and I are used to show that phasor
notation is being used.
Examples
Sinusoidal Function :
3V sin(100t 200 ) 3V cos(100t 700 )
Converting to phasor notation : 3V 700
Sinusoidal Function :
7 A sin(350t 1000 ) 7 A cos(350t 1900 )
7 A cos(350t 100 ) 7 A cos(350t 1700 )
Converting to phasor notation : 7 A1700
Examples
Rectangular
Coordinates
5 3 j V
30 j100 A
0.4 0.25 j
75 j150 A
Phasor Notation
5.83V 31.0 0
104A 73.30
0.472 32.0 0
168A 63.4 0
Summary
Phasor notation is used in circuits that have only
tan 1 Im Re
Im Pm sin