Chemical

Chemical Bonding
Bonding
Types of Bonds

Io n ic B o n d in g

L e w is S tr u c tu r e s

C o v a le n t B o n d in g

R e s o n a n c e S tru c tu re s

O c te t R u le

P o la r M o le c u le s

M o le c u la r G e o m e tr ie s
VSEPR
B a s ic S h a p e s
3 -D N o ta tio n
H y b r id iz a tio n (L a b )

Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

Chemical bond: attractive force holding two or more
atoms together.
Covalent bond results from sharing electrons between
the atoms. Usually found between nonmetals.
Ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a
metal to a nonmetal.
Metallic bond: attractive force holding pure metals
together.

Figure 8.3: Ionic Bonding

Figure 8.5: Covalent Bonding

Chemical
Chemical Bonds
Bonds
Bond Type

Single

Double

Triple

# of es

Notation

Bond order

Bond
strength

Increases from Single to Triple

Bond length

Decreases from Single to Triple

Strengths of Covalent Bonds

Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

Lewis Symbols

Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

The Octet Rule

All noble gases except He has an s2p6 configuration.
Octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons (4
electron pairs).
Caution: there are many exceptions to the octet rule.

Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

Figure 8.6: Electronegativities of Elements

Electronegativity

Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

Figure 8.7: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
There is no sharp distinction between bonding types.
The positive end (or pole) in a polar bond is represented
+ and the negative pole -.

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Drawing Lewis Structures

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Follow Step by Step Method (See Ng Web-site)

Total all valence electrons. [Consider Charge]
Write symbols for the atoms and guess skeleton structure
[ define a central atom ].
Place a pair of electrons in each bond.
Complete octets of surrounding atoms. [ H = 2 only ]
Place leftover electrons in pairs on the central atom.
If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom
an octet, look for multiple bonds by transferring
electrons until each atom has eight electrons around it.

CyberChem (Lewis) video

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Lewis Structures Examples - I

Lewis Structures Examples I F12

Lewis Structures Examples - II

Lewis Structures Examples II F12

Lewis Structures Examples - III

Lewis Structures Examples - IV

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet
Relatively rare.
Molecules with less than an octet are typical for
compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A.
Most typical example is BF3.
Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure with an
incomplete octet is more important than the ones with
double bonds.

Exceptions Central Atoms - Less than an Octet

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Central Atoms Having More than an Octet
This is the largest class of exceptions.
Atoms from the 3rd period onwards can accommodate
more than an octet.
Beyond the third period, the d-orbitals are low enough in
energy to participate in bonding and accept the extra
electron density.

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Exceptions Central Atoms - Greater than an Octet

Molecular Shapes: VSEPR

There are five fundamental geometries for molecular

shape:

Molecular Shapes 3D Notations

VSEPR (Ballons)-Movie Clip

Figure 9.3

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Summary
Summary of
of VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes
e-pairs

Notation

Name of VSEPR shape Examples

AX2

Linear

HgCl2 , ZnI2 , CS2 , CO2

AX3

Trigonal planar

BF3 , GaI3

AX2E

Non-linear (Bent)

SO2 , SnCl2

AX4

Tetrahedral

CCl4 , CH4 , BF4-

AX3E

(Trigonal) Pyramidal

NH3 , OH3-

AX2E2

Non-Linear (Bent)

H2O , SeCl2

AX5

Trigonal bipyramidal

PCl5 , PF5

AX4E

Distorted tetrahedral
(see-sawed)

TeCl4 , SF4

AX3E2

T-Shaped

ClF3 , BrF3

AX2E3

Linear

I3- , ICl2-

AX6

Octahedral

SF6 , PF6-

AX5E

Square Pyramidal

IF5 , BrF5

Square
Planar
CyberChm

ICl4- , BrF
See4 Ng Web-site

AX4E2
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Gems

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes -- II
# electron
pairs on
Notation
Central
Atom A

AX2
2 bp on A

AX3
3 bp on A
3
AX2E
2 bp and
1 lp on A

Example

Lewis

VSEPR & Name of Shape

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes II F08
F08

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes -- IIII
# electron
pairs on
Notation
Central
Atom A

AX4
4 bp on A

AX3E
3 bp and
1 lp on A

AX2E2
2 bp and
2 lp on A

Example

Lewis

VSEPR & Name of Shape

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes IIII F08
F08

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes -- III
III
# electron
pairs on
Central
Atom A

Notation

AX5
5 bp on A
AX4E
4 bp and 1
lp on A
5
AX3E2
3 bp and 2
lp on A
AX2E3
2 bp and 3
lp on A

Example

Lewis

VSEPR & Name of

Shape

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPRMolecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes III
III F08
F08

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Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes -- IV
IV
# electron
pairs on
Notation
Central
Atom A

AX6
6 bp on A

AX5E
5 bp and
1 lp on A

AX4E2
4 bp and
2 lp on A

Example

Lewis

VSEPR & Name of Shape

Examples:
Examples: VSEPR
VSEPR Molecular
Molecular Shapes
Shapes -- IV
IV
# electron
pairs on
Notation
Central
Atom A

AX6
6 bp on A

AX5E
5 bp and
1 lp on A

AX4E2
4 bp and
2 lp on A

Example

Lewis

VSEPR & Name of Shape

VSEPR Model
The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons
By experiment, the H-X-H bond angle decreases on
moving from C to N to O:
H

H C H
H
109.5O

H N H
H
107O

H
H
104.5O

Since electrons in a bond are attracted by two nuclei, they do

not repel as much as lone pairs.
Therefore, the bond angle decreases as the number of lone pairs
increases
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VSEPR Model

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Figure 9.10: Shapes of Larger Molecules

In acetic acid, CH3COOH, there are three central atoms.

Lewis-VSEPR HW assigned 10/28/11 . Due 10/31/11.

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Shapes of Larger Molecules

In glycine (simplest amino acid), NH2CH2CO2H, there are four possible central atoms.

Draw the Lewis Structure and the 3D VSEPR Molecular Geometry for glycine. Indicate the name of
the shape for all possible central atoms, including estimation of bond angles.
Hint 1: Designate the 2nd carbon in the formula as the central atom in skeleton structure.
Hint 2: The acid portion of glycine is the same as that of acetic acid.

Solution Key

Figure 8.10: Drawing Lewis Structures

Resonance Structures

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Figure 9.12

Figure 9.11: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

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Figure 9.13: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

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Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

Gems - Movie Clip

Lewis structures and VSEPR do not explain why a bond

forms.
How do we account for shape in terms of quantum
mechanics?
What are the orbitals that are involved in bonding?
We use Valence Bond Theory:
Bonds form when orbitals on atoms overlap.
There are two electrons of opposite spin in the orbital overlap.

Figure 9.14: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

VSEPR Model (Figure 9.6)

To determine the electron pair geometry:

draw the Lewis structure,
count the total number of electron pairs around the central
atom,
arrange the electron pairs in one of the above geometries to
minimize e-e repulsion, and count multiple bonds as one
bonding pair.

VSEPR
Model

Drawing Lewis Structures

Formal Charge
Consider:

C N

For C:

There are 4 valence electrons (from periodic table).

In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3
from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis
structure.
Formal charge: 4 - 5 = -1.

Drawing Lewis Structures

Formal Charge
Consider:

C N

For N:

There are 5 valence electrons.

In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3
from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis
structure.
Formal charge = 5 - 5 = 0.

We write:

C N
CyberChm Gems

Chemical
Chemical Bonding
Bonding
Types of Bonds

Io n ic B o n d in g

L e w is S tr u c tu r e s

C o v a le n t B o n d in g

R e s o n a n c e S tru c tu re s

O c te t R u le

P o la r M o le c u le s

Lewis
AXE notation

M o le c u la r G e o m e tr ie s
VSEPR
B a s ic S h a p e s
3 -D N o ta tio n
H y b r id iz a tio n (L a b )

VSEPR shapes

Polarity