Excretory Products And

Their Elimination

Made By
J.Janani
11-A
 The Excretory System

The excretory system is a

biological system that removes
excess, unnecessary or dangerous
materials from an organism. It is
responsible for the elimination of
oxygen waste products of
metabolism as well as other
nitrogeneous materials.
Human Excretory System
Pair of kidneys
One pair of ureters
A urinary bladder
A urethra
A Pair Of Kidneys
Kidneys are reddish
brown, bean shaped
structures situated
between the levels of
last thoracic and third
lumbar vertebra close
to the dorsal inner wall
of the abdominal
cavity.
 The Excretory System

Towards the centre of the inner concave

surface of the kidney is a notch called hilum
through which ureter, blood vessels and
nerves enter.Inner to the hilum is a broad
funnel shaped space called the renal pelvis
with projections called calyces.Inside the
kidney, there are two zones, an outer cortex
and an inner medulla.The cortex extends in
between medullary pyramids as renal
columns called ‘columns of bertini’.
Longitudinal Section Of Kidney
 The Excretory System
Each kidney has nearly one million complex
tubular structures called ‘nephrons’,which
are the functional units.Each nephron has
two parts
1.glomerulus
2.renal tubule.
Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by
the afferent arteriole.The renal tubule begins
with a double walled cup-like structure
called ‘Bowman’s capsule’,which encloses
the glomerulus.
Nephron
 The Excretory System
Nephron is the basic structural and
functional unit of the kidney. Its chief
function is to
1.regulate the concentration of water and
soluble substances like sodium salts by
filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is
needed and excreting the rest as urine.
2. A nephron eliminates wastes from the
body,
3. controls levels of electrolytes and
metabolites
4. regulates blood pH.
Malpighian Body

The renal tubule begins

with a double walled cup-
like structure called
bowman’s capsule, which
encloses the
glomerulus.Glomerulus
along with bowman’s
capsule is,called the
malpighian body.
 Henle’s loop

In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of the nephron that
leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted
tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main
function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the
medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier
system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high
sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct.
Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through
aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down
its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a
concentrated urine for excretion.
 TYPES OF NEPHRON

N e p h r o n

c o r t i c a l n e p h r o n s j u x t a m e d u
T h e l o o p o f h e n l e i T s h t oe o l o s o h p o ro t f a h n e d n
URINE FORMATION
Urine formation involves three main processes namely-
Glomerular Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
 Urine Formation

Urine formation involves filtration of blood, which

is carried out by glomerulus and is called
glomerular filtration.The glomerular capillary blood
pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers-
1. The endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
2. The epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
3. Basement membrane between these two layers
Blood is filtered so finely so finely through
membranes, that almost all the constituents of
plasma except the proteins pass onto the lumen of
the Bowman’s capsule.Therefore, it is considered
as a process of ultra filtration. In physiology,
reabsorption or tubular reabsorption is the flow
of glomerular filtrate from the proximal tubule of
the nephron into the peritubular capillaries. This
happens as a result of sodium transport from the
lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+ ATPase in the
basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Thus,
the glomerular filtrate becomes more concentrated,
which is one of the steps in forming urine.
Reabsorption and Secretion of
nephron
Nephron and vasa recta
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule(PCT)
The proximal tubule is the
portion of the duct system of the
nephron leading from Bowman's
capsule to the loop of Henle.
The proximal tubule regulates the
pH of the filtrate by exchanging
hydrogen ions in the interstitium
for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate;
furthermore, it is responsible for
secreting organic acids, such as
creatinine and other bases, into the
filtrate.