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In the Tropospher
The lowest layer of
atmospher layers
In Troposphere :
Altitude increases P and T
decrease
In Thermosphere :
Altitude increases P
decrease, T increases
% volume
Argon (Ar)
0.934%
CO2
350 mmv
Ne
18.18 ppmv
He
5.24 ppmv
CH4
1.7 ppmv
1.14 ppmv
0.55 ppmv
Kr
H2
1.2
Ozone (O3)
If one breath of air contains 2 x 1022 molecules and atoms, and
the acceptable ozone level is 0.12 ppm, how many molecules
of O3 are in each breath?
2 x 1022 molecules and atoms in a breath of air x
0.12 O3 molecules
1 x 106 molecules
and atoms in air
1 O3 molecules
= 6 x 1015 O atoms
1.12
Concentration Terms
Parts per hundred (percent)
Atmosphere is 21% oxygen = 21 oxygen molecules
per 100 molecules of air
Whats in
a Breath? Typical Composition of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
Substance
Inhaled air
(%)
Exhaled air
(%)
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon
dioxide
78.0
21.0
0.9
0.04
75.0
16.0
0.9
4.0
Water
0.0
4.0
Classifying Matter
All Matter
NO
Pure
Substances
NO
Elements
Can it be broken
down into
simpler ones by
chemical means?
Can it be separated by
a physical process?
YES
Mixtures
YES
Compounds
1.6
1.5
Classifying Matter
Classify each of these as an element, a compound, or a mixture:
carbon dioxide compound
nickel
element
cocaine
compound
fluorine
element
water
compound
table salt
compound
soap
mixture
sea water
mixture
1.6
A molecule is a combination of a
fixed number of atoms held
together in a certain spatial
arrangement.
Two hydrogen atoms
H2
N2
O2
Cl2
1.7
1.8
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Reactant(s) Product(s)
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)
C + O2
reactants
CO
product
This is an example of a
combustion reaction
2 C + O2
2 CO (balanced)
2 carbon atoms
2 oxygen atoms
1.9
2C
O2
2 CO
1.9
Balancing equations:
-if an element is present in just one compound on each
side, balance it first
-balance anything that exists as a free element last
- balance polyatomic ions as a unit
- check when done same number of atoms, and same
total charge on both sides
C3H8 + O2
C3H8 + 5 O2
3 C atoms
8 H atoms
10 O atoms
CO2 + H2O
3 CO2 + 4 H2O
3 C atoms
8 H atoms
10 O atoms
1.9
O2
SO2
(1-3% sulfur)
2 SO2
O2
2 SO3
N2
+ O2 + high temp
High temperatures
from auto engine or
2 NO
coal-fired power
plant
(nitrogen oxide)
Simplified version of
chemistry that occurs
NO is very reactive:
2 NO
O2
2 NO2
1.11
Levels of Health
Concern
Colors
...air quality
conditions are:
...as symbolized
by this color:
050
Good
Green
51100
Moderate
Yellow
101150
Orange
151200
Unhealthy for
sensitive groups
Unhealthy
201300
Very unhealthy
Purple
301500
Hazardous
Maroon
Red
1.3
Rentang
Karbon
monoksida (CO)
Sulfur dioksida
(SO2)
Nitrogen (NO2)
Ozon (O3)
Luka pada
Beberapa spesies
tumbuhan akibat
kombinasi dengan
O3 (Selama 4 Jam)
Partikulat
Baik
0-50
Sedikit berbau
Luka pada
Beberapa spesies
tumbuhan akibat
kombinasi dengan
SO2 (Selama 4 Jam)
Sedang
51 - 100
Perubahan kimia
darah tapi tidak
terdeteksi
Berbau
Luka pada
Beberapa spesies
tumbuhan
Luka pada
Beberapa spesies
tumbuhan
Terjadi penurunan
pada jarak pandang
101 - 199
Peningkatan pada
kardiovaskular pada
perokok yang sakit
jantung
Penurunan
kemampuan pada
atlit yang berlatih
keras
Bau, Meningkatnya
kerusakan tanaman
Jarak pandang
turun dan terjadi
pengotoran debu di
mana-mana
Sangat
Tidak Sehat
200-299
Meningkatnya
kardiovaskular pada
orang bukan perokok
yang berpenyakit
Jantung, dan akan
tampak beberapa
kelemahan yang terlihat
secara nyata
Meningkatnya
sensitivitas pasien
yang berpenyakit
asma dan bronchitis
Meningkatnya
sensitivitas pada
pasien berpenyakit
asma dan bronchitis
Meningkatnya
sensitivitas pada
pasien berpenyakit
asma dan bronchitis
Berbahaya
300 - lebih
Tidak Sehat
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollutants are airborne particles and
gasses that occur in concentrations that
endanger the health and well-being of
organisms or disrupt the orderly functioning
of the environment.
Pollutants can be grouped into two categories:
(1) primary pollutants, which are emitted directly from
identifiable sources, and
(2) secondary pollutants, which are produced in the
atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place
among primary pollutants.
PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
The major primary pollutants
include:
particulate matter (PM),
sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
carbon monoxide, and
lead.
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
S + O2
SO2
2 SO3
H2SO4 (aq)
2.
Using Scrubber
CARBON MONOXIDE, CO
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
CxHy (l) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
CxHy (l) + O2 (g) -> CO (g) + H2O (g) +VOC (g)
50 ppm
100 ppm
750 ppm
Unconsciousness, death
REDUCING CO EMISSIONS
1. Post Combustion
2. Change/Replace Combustion Process
3.
Pre -Combustion
LEAD
1.
Sources
2.
Effects
Toxic
Low Temperature
Maximize VOC and CO
High Temperature
Maximize NOx
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR
POLLUTANTS
http:/www.HowStuffWorks.com
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=jump.jump_ozone
Damages Plants
Aerosols
Dust
Fumes
Mist/Fog
Smoke, Soot, Ash
Smog
Pollen
Cyclone Precipitator
Electrostatic Precipitator
Baghouses
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Combustion
2.
Indoor VOC
3.
Radon Gas
Infiltration
Of Radon
Gas