Animal Science

Biology Agriculture

Structure and Function

Animal Structures and Function

Animals are composed of a variety of
interdependent systems
No one system can function entirely on its
own
In order to keep animals healthy,
producers make sure that all systems
function properly.

Skeletal System

Function
Provides

frame and support for all systems

and organs.

Cartilage
Firm,

bone

flexible tissues that is not as hard as

Skeletal System
Bone
Attach

muscles
Means of movement
Protect internal organs
Storage of minerals

Skeletal System
Layers

of Bone

Periosteum
Outer layer
Cushions the hard portion of
the bone
Repair of broken bones

Skeletal System
Layers

of Bone

Compact

Bone

beneath periosteum
layer of hard mineral matter
Calcium
gives bones strength

Skeletal System
Layers

of Bone

Spongy

Bone

Inside hard outer layer

fills ends of bones
lines hollow portions

Skeletal System
Layers
Red

of Bone

marrow

inside cavities of spongy bone

formation of red blood cells

Skeletal System
Layers

of Bone

Yellow

marrow

Located inside hollow portion

Fat storage cells
Energy storage

Skeletal System
Types
Long

of Bone
Bones

Longest
Provide support and
movement
Levers

Example

-- legs, ribs,
pelvic bones

Skeletal System
Types
Short

of Bone
Bones

Smaller than long

Joints
Comfort and mobility

Example

hands

-- feet and

Skeletal System
Types

of Bone

Irregular

Bones

Have an irregular
shape
Support and protect

Example

-vertebrae

Skeletal System
Types
Flat

of Bone

Bones

Thin and flat

Protect organs

Example

-- skull

Skeletal System
Joints
Where

different bones meet

Ligaments
Connect

bones together; tough tissue

Skeletal System
Joints
Classified

by the way they move.

Hinge Joint

Ball and Socket

Gliding

Muscle System
Function
To provide

movement for the

proper functioning of the organs.

Meat production
Muscles

are processed into

meat
30-40% of the animals body is
muscle.

Muscle System
Skeletal

Muscle

Movement

for the

bones
Voluntary movement
Composed of long,
striated bundles that
contract and relax

Muscle System
Skeletal
Red

Muscle

Muscle

Contain many mitochondria;

Lots of blood; contract for long periods of time

Muscle System
Skeletal
White

Muscle

Muscle

Fewer

mitochondria
Contract faster
Fatigue faster.

Muscle System

Smooth Muscle
Movement

Controls movements of the

internal organs
Involuntary.

Examples-- Digestive tract,

urinary tract

Muscle System

Muscle System

Cardiac Muscle
Movement
Muscles

that control the heart

Involuntary

Circulatory System
Function
Transports
Water
Oxygen
Wastes

Regulates

temperature
Removes disease

Circulatory System
Heart
Center

of the circulatory

system
Large muscle
Pumps

continuously

Circulatory System
Blood

Vessels
Arteries
Vessels

that take blood

away from the heart

Veins
Vessels

that return blood

to the heart

Circulatory System
Capillaries
Connect

arteries and veins

Deliver nutrients to the cells
Take away waste

Circulatory System
Red

Blood cells

Give

blood color
Carry oxygen
White

Blood cells

Destroy
Pus

disease

Circulatory System

Four Chambers
Right Atrium

Receives blood into heart from body,

from veins

Right

Pumps blood out to the lungs

Left

Atrium

Receives blood into heart from lungs

Left

Ventricle

Ventricle

Pumps blood out into body via arteries

Lungs
Veins

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Arteries

Respiratory System
Function:
Takes

oxygen from the air

Places it in the bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide

Respiratory System
Structures
Nostrils
Large

Nasal

amounts of air

Chamber

Mouth
Brings

in air

Respiratory System
Structures
Pharynx
Passageway

for

Food
Water
Air
Controlled

by epiglottis

Respiratory System
Larynx
Voice

box (Adams apple)

Prevents material from entering
lungs.
Trachea
Large

tube
Made of rigid cartilaginous rings

Respiratory System
Bronchi
Branch

out

further
Lungs
Gas

exchange

Respiratory System

Alveoli
Surrounded

by
blood vessels
Carbon dioxide is
removed from blood
Oxygen is absorbed
into blood

Respiratory System
Diaphragm
Large

muscle under the lungs

When contracted, rib cage expands
and air comes in
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is
forced out

Nervous System

Function:
Central

system

Motor Control
Sensation

Nervous System

Nerves
Long

fiber like
structures

Motor Neurons
Controls

impulses
sent from the brain
To other parts of
the body

Nervous System

Sensory Neurons
Send

impulses from
the body to the brain.

Spinal Cord
All

nerves are
connected
Runs through the
backbone (vertebra)

Nervous System

Brain
Center

of the
nervous system
Divided into 3
sections

Nervous System
Brain
1.

Cerebrum

Largest
Controls

process
Ouch!

thought

Nervous System
Brain
2.

Cerebellum

Coordinator

center
for the cerebrum
Many movements
are required to
walk, eat, etc

Nervous System
Brain
3.

Medulla oblongata

Involuntary

activities

Heart

beat
Digestion
Breathing
Body

Temp.
Feeling Fear or Thirst

Nervous System

Brain Stem
Connects

the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

Digestive System
Function:
Animal

takes in food
Digested in to a form that the body can
use.
Basic

etc

elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium,

Digestive System

Monogastric
Simple

stomach
One compartment
Pigs
Horse
Dog
Cat
Birds

Digestive System
Monogastric
Mouth
Grind

down food

Esophagus
Push

food to
stomach
Muscles move food
down

Digestive System
Monogastric
Stomach
Muscles
Contacts

and relaxes

Food

pressed together
Digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining.
Hydrochloric

Acid

Digestive System
Monogastric
Stomach
Food

is dissolved from movement and acid.

Digestive System
Monogastric
Small

Intestine

Duodenum

Secreted from
pancreas
Breaks down proteins,
starch and fats.
Juices still secreted to
break down food.

Digestive System
Monogastric
Small

Intestine

Jejunum
Nutrients

absorbed into the body

From intestine to blood stream.
Villi

Semi-Permeable membrane

Particles

pass through.

Digestive System
Monogastric
Large

Intestine

Cecum
Not

used in
most
monogastrics

Digestive System
Modified

Monogastric System

Horse

Uses cecum to digest roughage

Digestive System
Monogastric
Large

Intestine

Colon
Storage

of

waste
Water is
removed

Digestive System
Monogastric
Rectum
Muscle

that passes waste out of the body.

Digestive System
Ruminant
Cows
Goats
Sheep
Deer
Elk

System

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

These

eat large quantities of fibrous

material.
Hay
Alfalfa
Etc

Roughage

Fibrous Feed

Digestive System
Ruminant
Multi

compartment (4 main)

Breaks

They

System
down the polysaccharides

chew their (CUD)

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Mouth
Food

is ground
down by teeth
Also used to
brake down the
cud.

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Teeth
Incisors

Lower front teeth

Dental pad Upper part of mouth
Molars
Used

to tear forages from ground

Digestive System
Ruminant
Must

System

produce large amounts of saliva

Used to feed microorganisms in the
rumen

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Esophagus
Transport

food to
digestive tract
Transport CUD to
mouth.

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Reticulum
Hardware
Due

stomach

to large mouth they collect hardware

Wire form fence
Rocks
Etc

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Reticulum
Secretes

mucus
Honeycomb shaped
Traps hardware from
traveling to the rest of
the digestive system.

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Reticulum
Regurgitation
Packs

feed into and eggs shaped ball to be

re-chewed. (CUD)

Digestive System
Ruminant

System

Rumen
Largest

compartment
Food is soaked, mixed.
Microorganisms ferment the feed.
Carbohydrates are absorbed by
the papillae.
Small

fingerlike projections that aid

in absorption

Digestive System

Ruminant System
Omasum

Size of a quarter to enter.

Round Soccer Ball
Many Folds Like a round book
Grinds the food as it passes
through.

Digestive System

Ruminant System
Abomasum

True stomach
Functions the same as the
monogastric

Intestines

are the same as

monogastric.

Endocrine System

Function:
Composed

of glands that secrete hormones.

Hormones:
Chemical

agent that causes an effect in the

body.
Hormones control vital function of the body.
Growth
Reproduction

Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland:
Located

at the base of the brain

Master gland

Functions
Growth

of bone
Maternal Behavior
Reproduction cells

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus
Links

the Endocrine with the nervous system.

Location

Under the lower front part of the brain

Secretes

hormones for:

Hunger
Sleep
Body Temp

Endocrine System

Adrenal Gland
Located

by Kidney
Adrenalin Times of stress

Thyroid Gland
Front

of wind pipe
Controls rate of digestion
Storage of calcium

Endocrine System
Pancreas
Below

the stomach
Produces Insulin and glucagons
Regulates

stream

the amount of glucose in the blood

Endocrine System
Hormones
Regulate

other organs of the body as

well
Reproduction
Etc

Excretory System
Function:
Rid

the body of wastes

Kidney
Remove

urea and nitrogen

Filtrates liquids ingested.
Wastes

are flushes out the urinary tract.

Animal
Reproduction
Biology Agriculture

Reproductive System

Ovaries
Female

reproductive gland in which eggs are

formed and hormones are produced.

Testes
Male

reproductive gland that produces sperm

and testosterone.

Reproductive System

Female Reproductive Cell

EGG

(OVULE)

Male Reproductive Cell

SPERM
Semen

- the fluid that carries sperm

Reproductive System

Production of sperm is called

SPERMATOGENESIS

Production of eggs is called OOGENESIS

Reproductive System

Zygote
Cell

formed by the union of egg and sperm at

fertilization.

Embryo
Organism

Pregnancy
carrying

in early stages of development.

a fetus

Fertilization
the

union of the egg and sperm nuclei

Reproductive System

Conception
occurrence

Ovulation
release

of fertilization

of an ovule from the female.

Gestation
the

time from fertilization or conception of a

female until she gives birth

Reproductive System

Vulva -opening of reproductive tract

Reproductive System

Vagina - channel for birth and urinary tract

Reproductive System

Cervix - divides vagina and uterus

Reproductive System

Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus

Reproductive System

Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows

Reproductive System

Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs

Reproductive System

Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones

Reproductive System

Testes - produce sperm and testosterone

Reproductive System

Epididymis - collects and stores sperm

Reproductive System

Vas deferens - transports sperm

Reproductive System

Penis - places sperm in female

Reproductive System

Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp

Reproductive System

Sheath - opening of reproductive tract

Animal Reproduction

Ovaries produces eggs

and hormones

Animal Reproduction

The ovaries are

stimulated by a hormone
called the follicle
stimulating hormones
(FSH) and produce a
FOLLICLE where the egg
(ovum) grows and
matures

Animal Reproduction

When the egg matures

the follicle ruptures and
releases the egg OVULATION

Animal Reproduction

Mating Process

Around the time of ovulation estrogen

causes estrus or heat
The

time that the female will allow the male to

mate with her

Males seek out females that are in estrus

Mating Process

During mating millions of sperm are

deposited in the female vagina.

Sperm moves by using their tails in a

whiplike action motile

Mating Process

Sperm travels from the vagina through the

cervix and uterus and into the fallopian
tubes

Sperm and egg unit in the fallopian tube

Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive
Any

Technologies

method of reproduction that is different

from natural methods

Reproductive Technologies

Embryo Transfer:
The

transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor

female to one or more recipient females

Reproductive Technologies
Embryo

Transfer

Reproductive Technologies
Embryo

Transfer

Reproductive Technologies
Super

Ovulation:

Giving

animals a hormone that causes

them to produce more then one egg.

Reproductive Technologies
Artificial
Placing

Insemination

sperm into the female

reproductive tract by means other than
natural mating.

Reproductive Problems

Sterility:
Inability

of an animal to reproduce

Freemartin:
In

twins, when a female is exposed to male

testosterone before birth.
Causes problems with the development of
female reproductive organs

Reproductive Practices

Purebreeding
Breeding

two pure breed animals together

Usually papered to prove genetics

Crossbreeding
One

breed is breed to another

Ex. Angus x Herford = Black Baldy

Reproductive Practices

Grading-up
Taking

grade cows and breeding to purebreds