Housing and Environment

 Warm blooded birds

 Up to certain limits bird can maintain its

body temperature

 Should kept in thermoneutral zone

Birds effecting house conditions
 Temperature range of adult chicken is
105F0 to 107 F0
 Temp. variations from hatching to onwards

 Smaller and heavier breeds

 Male and Female

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 Activity

 Molting conditions

 Broodiness

 Feeding activity
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 Light intensity

 Environmental Conditions & other factors

(Stocking density, Restriction periods,
Stress, Feeding and watering, etc
 Heat lost or Gain
 Principles of heat transfer

 Conduction

 Convection

 Radiation
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 Fecal excretion
 Production of eggs
 Latent heat
Heat required to change water from a
solid to liquid or from solid to liquid
without changing its temp.
 Controlling body temperature
 Birds ability to dissipate heat is influenced
by body temp.

 Regulated by contraction or dilation of

blood vessels
 Effect of high temp on bird
 Panting

 Panting and dehydration

 High temp and high humidity

 Feed consumption & bird activity

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 Btu: one Btu is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of
1lb of water 1 degree Fahrenheit,
when at 59F
 Heat production in birds
 Depends on number of factors
1) Type of birds
2) Age
3)Caloric intake
4) Ambient Temperature
5) Relative Humidity
 Rule of Thumb

Type of bird Heat Production

Standard leghorn layer (3.5 lb) 40 Btu/h

Brown egg layer (4.5 lb) 45Btu/h
Meat type breeder (7.0 lb) 55 Btu/h
Broilers (4.5 lb) 45 Btu/h
 Water Production
 Depends on
 Body weight
 Bird type
 Salt levels in the diet
 Ambient temp.
 Relative humidity
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 Water eliminated in feces

(one 1/4 is urine and ¾ is moisture )

 Feed and water consumption

 Respiration
 Feces elimination of water
 At about 70F and normal RH the moisture
lost through feces is equal lost through
respiration

 On unit BW bases the total amount of

water lost through Feces and respiration
decreases as the size of the bird increases
 Feed and water consumption
 At 70F a chicken will normally consumed
two times as much water as feed.

 With the increase in ambient temp feed

intake decreases and water consumption
increases. e.g. 1F increase above 70F
increase water consumption by 4%
 Controlling environment
 Insulating the poultry house

 Insulation of ceiling, roof, side walls &end

walls

 Increasing insulation is more economical

 Quality of insulating materials
 Insulator must resist the transfer of heat

 Insulator must contain large number of

small ,isolated dead air spaces

 Must contain higher R value

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The ability to resist the transfer of

heat through a material is called R value

Material R value
(thickness I inch)
Cellulose fiber 4.16
Expanded polystyrene 5.00
Urethane foam 6.60
Blanket bat 3.75
Balsam wool 4.00
Determining the heat loss from the
building
 Heat loss from the poultry house can be
determine as
Q = A × ∆t
R
Where
Q= Total heat lost in Btu
A= Area of outside walls and ceiling
∆t= Diff between inside and outside temp
R= R-value
 Heat loss through ventilation

Q= 0.018 × CFM × 60 ×∆t

Where
Q = Total heat loss in Btu

CFM= air being exhausted from the building

∆t = Difference between inside & outside Temp

 Fundamentals of ventilation
 Three general design

 Negative pressure

 Positive pressure

 Natural ventilation
 Requirement of ventilation
 During summer for the removal of gasses,
fresh air, dust removal and to control the
temperature of the house

 In winter with conserving temp removal of

gasses and providing fresh air
 Component of mechanical
ventilation
 Fans

 Air inlets

 Controllers

 Operators
 Definitions
 Psychometrics
Relationship between mixture of air and
water vapor at various temp

 Dry bulb Temp

Ambient temp that one can feel
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 Wet Bulb
Temp. at saturation or 100% relative
humidity

• Relative humidity
A ratio of the quantity of water in the air
with the total can be held at given temp
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 CFM
volume of air being exhausted by fan or
entering an air inlet
 Static Pressure
The difference between outside and
inside atmospheric pressure
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 Air inlet
A controllable opening, generally located
at the eaves, allowing the air to enter the
house at proper velocity and proper
direction
 Impingent air jet
Air that is allowed to travel adjacent to
smooth surface
 Rule of thumb for ventilation
 Water holding capacity of air
approximately doubled with each 20F
increase in temp

 Maintain static pressure such that fan

should not lose more than 10% efficiency
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 In preventing air outlet problems distance

between two sheds should be minimum of
1.5 times the width of the house

 In negative pressure systems the

minimum ventilation requirement for layer
is 1.5CFM/lb and for broilers 1.25CFM/lb
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 For tunnel ventilation air velocity should be

more than the length of the house

 One square inch of inlet opening is

required for each 4 CFM of fan capacity
 Calculations
 Construction of shed for given no. of birds

 Requirement of fans (Maximum ventilation

and minimum ventilation)

 Open inlet area

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 Pad area

 Water requirement

 Time of operating fans according to weight