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PRESENTED BY
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Definition of atom, Significance of Studying atom)
What is an atom?
Atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a
chemical reaction.
Significance of Studying Atom
The fundamental unit of all matter is the atom and so the structure
of matter can be adequately explained only in terms of the
constituent atoms.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Atomic Theory)
(Daltons
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Limitations of Daltons Atomic Theory, Subatomic Particles)
Subatomic Particles
After proposition of Daltons atomic theory, experiments of
various scientists proved that the atom is essentially built
of three principal fundamental particles:
Electron
Proton &
Neutron
The proton & neutron constitutes the nucleus of the of the
atom around which the electrons move in circular paths.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Subatomic Particles [Continued])
Electron (e)
An electron is a subatomic particle which bears a charge of
1.60 x 1019 coulombs (or 1 unit ve charge) and has a mass of
9.1 x 1028g (or 1/1835 amu).
Proton (p)
A proton is a subatomic particle which carries a charge of
+1.60 x 1019 coulombs (or 1 unit +ve charge) and a
mass of 1.672 x 1024g (or 1 amu).
E. (Eugen) Goldstein, a German Physicist, discovered
anode ray in a discharge tube containing hydrogen. It was
J.J. Thomson who later established that these rays
consisted of positively charged particles. The particles
were assigned the name proton by Lord Ernest Rutherford,
an New Zealander-English Physicist.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Subatomic Particles [Continued])
Neutron (n)
A neutron is a subatomic particle which has a mass almost equal to
that of proton (1.674x 1024g or 1 amu) and has no charge.
Model [Continued])
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model [Continued])
Figure: Orbiting electrons would radiate energy and spiral into the nucleus
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(Some Definitions [Continued])
ATOMIC SPECTRA:
Spectrum of Hydrogen
[Continued])
Name
Region
Lyman Series
UV
Balmer Series
Visible
Paschen Series
IR
Brackett Series
IR
Pfund Series
IR
of Radiation)
3.
Model [Continued])
Model [Continued])
When an electron resides in the lowest energy level the energy level 1
(i..e. the orbit closest to the nucleus), it is said to be in the ground state.
Now, if energy is supplied to the electron residing in the energy level 1, it
will absorb the supplied energy in the form of quanta or photons and hence
will jump to the higher energy levels 2, 3, 4 --------etc. depending on the
amount of energy absorbed by the electron. The electron then is said to be
in an excited state.
The quanta or photons of energy emitted or absorbed is the difference
between the lower and higher energy levels of atom, i.e.,E = Ehigh Elow
4.
= n. h/2
Model [Continued])
Model [Continued])
Model [Continued])
4. It has been found that the spectral lines are further split up into a
number of still thinner lines when the excited atom is placed in a
magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or an electric field (Stark
effect). Bohrs model can explain none of these effects.
of Electrons in Orbits)
of Electrons in Orbits)
Electronic Configuration of Inert Gases
According to the Bohr-Bury scheme, the electronic configuration of
inert gases is given in the table below:
K
(1st Shell)
L
(2nd Shell)
M
N
(3rd Shell) (4th Shell)
Value of l
Designation of sub-shell
Subshells with higher l values have more complex shapes. So, it can be said
that: the values of l define the shape of the sub-shell.
Since an electron can spin in either of the two directions, the spin
quantum number (s) can have two values, viz. + and . By
convention, s= + is used to indicate clockwise direction and s =
to indicate anticlockwise direction.
Shape
Orientation
Direction
of
electron orbit in space
of spin of
electron in the orbit
the
1st Electron
2nd Electron
1st Electron
2nd Electron
3rd Electron
???
Aufbau Process
Aufbau process or Aufbau principle is an empirical rule that
governs the order of filling or building up of energy sub-shells of
an atom with electrons (Aufbau is a German expression meaning
building up or construction). This rule states that:
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
4f
5f
References
Bahl and Tuli (Physical)
General ChemistryEbbing
Madan
Dishcher
Haider