SENSOR

Shubham Mundada
T.Y.B.TECH,ETC(A)
ROLL NO:T3438

11/25/14

MOTION
SENSOR

11/25/14

Overview
o What is a sensor?
o Motion sensor
o Types of motion sensors
o Motion Detection
o Types of Motion Sensing
o Dual sense technology
o Motion Sensor in mobile
o Motion sensor in Games
o Conclusion
o References
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Sensor
o A

sensor is a device which receives and

responds to a signal.

o A sensor (also called detector) is a converter

that measures a physical quantity and

converts it into a signal which can be read by
an observer or by an (today mostly electronic)
instrument.

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Specifications of Sensor
Accuracy:

error between the result of a

measurement and the true value being measured.
Resolution: the smallest increment of measure
that a device can make.
Sensitivity: the ratio between the change in the
output signal to a small change in input physical
signal.
Repeatability/Precision: the ability of the
sensor to output the same value for the same
input over a number of trials.
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Types of sensors
There are many versions of each type which may

use a different sensing principle or may be

designed to operate within different ranges.
The sensors are used to measure and/or detect a

huge
variety
of
conditions
including:
temperature, pressure, level, humidity, speed,
motion, distance, light or the presence/absence
of an object and many other types.
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Motion sensors
The term Motion sensors can be used to refer

to any kind of sensing system which is used to

detect motion; motion of any object or motion of
human beings.
Motion sensor is also called as motion detector.
Motion sensors are commonly used in security

systems as triggers for automatic lights or remote

alarms and similar applications.
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Types of Motion sensors

The way in which a motion sensor works

typically depends on the type of sensor

being used, which often depends on the
device that uses the sensor.
There are two basic types of motion
sensors:
Active Sensors
Passive Sensors
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Active sensors
Active sensors emit a signal, typically an

burst of (light, microwaves or sound) waves

which is reflected by the surroundings.
The

reflected signal is received by the

sensor and takes necessary action.

When something moves within the area of

an active motion sensor, the change in

signal that is reflected to the sensor
activates the system.
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Contd...
The active sensor is one of the most common

and reliable sensors used in a security system.

For example, when an automatic faucet senses
hands underneath it, a device is signaled to run
water in the sink.

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Passive sensor
Passive sensors are a type of motion

sensor that do not emit a signal, but

instead detect infrared radiation around
the sensor.
As this sensor detects temperature
differences, it is well suited to detecting
the motion of people by their body
temperature.

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Contd...
When a person or
animal moves through
the area, heat from the
movement is detected
by the sensor, which
then
activates
the
system to which it is
connected
Use as a human detection sensor to
automatically
turn lights on when a person is present in a
room
12and to turn them off when nobody is there.

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Motion sensing is used in number of
applications

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Automated lighting system

Security systems
Smart Floodlights
Burglar Alarm
Radar Guns

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Advantages of Motion sensor

Saves time
Security
Easy to install
Saves energy
Powerful transmission

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Motion detection
Motion detection is the process of detecting a
change in position of an object relative to its
surroundings or the change in the surroundings
relative to an object.

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Motion can be detected by:

Infrared (Passive and active sensors)
Optics (video and camera systems)
Radio Frequency Energy (radar, microwave motion
detection)
Sound (microphones and acoustic sensors)
Vibration (seismic sensors)
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TYPES OF MOTION SENSING

Local Motion Sensing
Ultrasonic Motion Sensing
Microwave Motion Sensing

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Local motion sensing

Infrared light is a spectrum of non-visible

for humans at least light that is emitted by

objects when they produce heat.
Infrared motion sensor systems are one of

the cheapest and most reliable systems

available.
An infrared motion detector uses infrared

sensing to detect motion in a given area.

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Contd...
The use of infrared technology usually allows

such a detector to only pick up on heat.

Infrared

sensors are characterized by

sensitivity, low cost and are widely used.

high

An infrared motion detector can also be set to

only pick up on certain levels of heat, making it

possible to ignore small animals.
This type of detector is often used as part of a

larger security system.

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Ultrasonic motion sensing

Ultrasonic motion detectors use sound waves

to detect motion. If movement is detected, the

sound wave pattern is disrupted and alarm is
signaled.
It

senses motion by
analyzing sound waves
in its environment.

These

frequencies are generally inaudible to

humans and most animals and do not pass
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through most objects.

Contd...
Active motion sensors generate sound waves in

the ultrasonic frequency range, typically around

30 to 50 kilohertz (kHz).
When no objects are moving in the area, the

pattern of sound and the time it takes to bounce

back remain the same.
If something moves, the detector senses that the
level or phase of the returning sound waves has
shifted slightly.
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Microwave motion sensing

Microwave

motion

sensor

systems

send

out

microwaves
that bounce off an object and back to the sensor.
The sensor then reads

the frequency of the

returning waves.

If an object is moving, the sensor receives different

microwaves than the ones it sent out, signifying

movement and setting off the alarm.
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Contd...

These types of motion sensor systems cover a larger

area than infrared sensors, they are capable of

penetrating walls.
They are more reliable over longer distances.
Their radiation is unhealthy for living organisms.
Despite this, they are the least popular motion

sensor system on the market because of their their

cost.
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Dual sense technology

Dual

technology systems use a combination of

infrared and microwave motion sensor systems to
provide the most complete coverage available.

Using both forms of technology allows dual motion

sensor systems to reduce the occurrence of false

alarms by combining the microwave technologys
coverage range and the infrared technologys use of
heat sensing.
The

dual technology system is rapidly gaining

popularity among homeowners and businesses alike.

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CELL PHONES WITH MOTION

SENSORS
The

motion sensor
used
in
mobile phones is
accelerometer
which is a complex motion sensor.

It translates motion into action on

the screen.
Accelerometers are used in tablet

computers and digital cameras so

that images on screens are always
displayed upright.

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Motion sensing in Games

Motion sensing technology

is an emerging technology
in Gaming.

Our focus technology will be Microsofts Xbox360 Kinect

peripheral, which is the first demonstrator of touch free

motion sensing.
The primary innovation of Kinect (and the most secretive) is

the device that enables advanced posture, gesture, facial,

and voice recognition.
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Kinect

The Kinect is composed of three major hardware component

Webcam

An Infrared projector and sensor

Microphone

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Challenges faced
Limited Camera And Sensor Capability
Better Audio Sensing Capability
Limited Body Recognition

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Conclusion

Motion sensing, though important in gaming, will

ultimately make its biggest impact in non-gaming
applications

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POSITION SENSORS

Necessity of a sensor ? ? ?
Acts as feedback
Sensor Senses position of rotor
It converts the information of rotor position

into a suitable electrical signal.

This signal is used to switch ON and OFF of
various semiconductor devices of electronic
switching circuitry of BLPM motor

Rotor

position can be determined by a

Hall Effectdevice (or devices), embedded in
the stator, which provide an electrical signal
representing the magnetic field strength. The
amplitude of this signal changes as the
magnetic rotor poles pass over the sensor.
Other sensing methods areshaft encoders
and also sensing the zero crossing points of
currents generated in the unenergised phase
windings. The latter method is known as
"sensorless" position monitoring.

TYPES OF ROTOR POSITION SENSORS

Optical position sensor

Hall effect position sensor

Electronic position sensors

OPTICAL POSITION SENSOR

Mainly used in Unipolar BLDC machines
Rotor consists of optical sensors.
The optical sensor consists of
A light source
three phototransistors P1, P2 and P3 mounted on

the end plate of the motor, separated by 120o

from each other
A revolving shutter coupled to the shaft of the
motor.

When the shutter revolves, the

phototransistors get exposed to the light in

the sequence of their numbers. In each
revolution, the phototransistors generate the
pulses PI1, PI1 and PI1which have duration and
phase displacement of 120o.

Circuit Diagram

WORKING
When light falls on the phototransistors P 1, it generates a pulse and

transistor Q1 gets turned on.

Current starts flowing through stator winding P h1. This produces north pole at
pole face of Ph1.
South pole gets attracted towards it and reaches the axis of pole face of P h1.
Hence rotor revolves in anticlockwise direction.
During the mean time, the light stops falling on P 1 and starts falling on P 2.
Hence pulse PI1 is generated which turns on the transistors Q 2.
Current now starts flowing through the winding P h2, producing a north pole.
Hence rotor further rotates in anticlockwise direction so that rotor reaches
the axis of the pole face of .
In the meantime, starts falling on P 3. This causes transistors Q 3 to turn on
which produces north pole at the pole face of P h3.
This rotates the rotor further in anticlockwise direction.
Switching sequence repeats and continuous rotation of the rotor is obtained.

HALL EFFECT SENSORS

The Hall Effect uses three hall sensors within the

Brushless DC Motor to help detect the position of

the rotor.
The magnetic field changes in response to the
transducer that varies its output voltage. Feedback
is created by directly returning a voltage, because
the sensor operates as an analogue transducer.
The distance between the Hall plate and a known
magnetic field can be determined with a group of
sensors, and the relative position of the magnet
can be deduced.

Equivalent Circuit of a Hall element

Sectional View of BLDC with Hall

sensor

Electronic Sensor
In a brushless DC motor (BLDC), the

rotor has permanent magnets and the

stator has an electronically-controlled
rotating field, using sensors (rotary
encoders or back-EMF) to detect rotor
position. As such they have no
commutator, and tend to be more
efficient and more powerful than
commutated motors. They do require a
more complicated motor controller.

Advantages of Electronic Sensor

High

resolution sensing of absolute rotational

position and speed without shaft encoders or Hall
sensors
High reliability - eliminates mechanical and optical
sensors
Sensing circuits are integrated with motor drivers,
automatically driving commutation and providing
precise speed and position control
Uses the magnetic characteristics of the motor to
sense rotor position, eliminating the need for
mechanical adjustments or alignments

Works at any speed, even while motor is

stopped
Eases packaging - no requirement to place
components near motor
No injection of extraneous sense signals into
motor windings
Works with standard brushless motors

Touch Sensor

How Does a Touchscreen Work?

A basic touchscreen has three main

components:
1 Touch sensor;
2 Controller;
3 Software driver.
The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs
to be combined with a display and a PC or
other device to make a complete touch input
system.

Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a

touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel

is placed over a display screen so that the
responsive area of the panel covers the viewable
area of the video screen. There are several
different touch sensor technologies on the market
today, each using a different method to detect
touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical
current or signal going through it and touching the
screen can cause a voltage or signal change. This
change is used to determine the location of the
touch to the screen.

Controller
The controller connects between the touch sensor

and the PC. It takes information from the touch

sensor and translates it into information that PC
can understand. The controller determines what
type of interface/connection you will need on the
PC. Controllers are available that can connect to a
Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port. Specialized
controllers are also available that work with DVD
players and other devices.

Software Driver
The driver allows the touchscreen and computer

to work together. It tells the computer's operating

system how to interpret the touch event
information that is sent from the controller. Most
touch screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation
type driver. This makes touching the screen as
same as clicking your mouse at the same location
on the screen. This allows the touchscreen to work
with existing software and allows new applications
to be developed without the need for touchscreen
specific programming.

Touchscreen Technology
Resistive touchscreen
Capacitive touchscreen
Infrared touchscreen
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreen
Strain gauge touchscreen
Optical imaging touchscreen
Dispersive signal technology touchscreen

Resistive touchscreen
Structure

Resistive touch
screens consist of a
glass or acrylic panel
that is coated with
electrically conductive
and resistive layers
made with indium tin
oxide (ITO) .The thin
layers are separated
by invisible spacers.

4-wire resistive touchscreen

5-wire resistive touchscreen

The construction of the panels are similar with

4-wire technology, but for a 5-wire touch

screen all four bus bars are connected to the
lower, non-flexible layer of the screen. The
flexible layer is always used as a sense layer
to read the voltage connection point to the
bottom layer.

8-wire resistive touchscreen

Resistive touchscreen

Characters:

1.

Cost effective solutions

Activated by a stylus, a finger or gloved hand
Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light
75%~85% clarify
resistive layers can be damaged by a very
sharp object

2.
3.
4.
5.

Projected-capacitive touchscreen
Structure

Projected capacitive
touchscreens have front
and back protective glass
providing optical and
strength enhancement
options.
Its middle layer consists of
a laminated sensor grid of
micro-fine wires, and
optical enhancement
options.

Projected-capacitive touchscreen
During a touch, capacitance forms between

the finger and the sensor grid.The

embedded serial controller in the
touchscreen calculates touch location
coordinates and transmits them to the
computer for processing.

Surface-capacitive touchscreen

Structure

Surface capacitive technology consists

of a uniform conductive coating on a
glass panel. Electrodes around the
panels edge evenly distribute a low
voltage across the conductive layer,
creating a uniform electric field.

Surface-capacitive touchscreen
Working principle
A human body is an electric conductor, so when you touch the screen
with a finger, a slight amount of current is drawn, creating a voltage
drop. The current respectively drifts to the electrodes on the four
corners. Theoretically, the amount of current that drifts through the
four electrodes should be proportional to the distance from the touch
point to the four corners. The controller precisely calculates the
proportion of the current passed through the four electrodes and
figures out the X/Y coordinate of a touch point.

Capacitive touchscreen

Characters:

1.

Durable and resistant to scratches for

demanding applications
Faster and more responsive
Immune to surface contaminants
Superior optical clarity, brighter display
and less surface reflection
Must be touched by finger, will not work
with any non-conductive input

2.
3.
4.
5.

Infrared touchscreen
Infrared (IR) technology relies on the interruption

of an IR light grid in front of the display screen.

The touch frame contains a row of IR-light
emitting diode (LEDs) and photo transistors, each
mounted on two opposite sides to create a grid of
invisible infrared light.
The IR controller sequentially pulses the LEDs to
create a grid of IR light beams. When a stylus,
such as a finger, enters the grid, it obstructs the
beams. One or more photo transistors from each
axis detect the absence of light and transmit
signals that identifies the x and y coordinates.

Infrared touchscreen

Infrared touchscreen

1.
2.

Characters:
Clear as glass, improves reading ability
Most durable surface

SAW touchscreen
Surface waves are readily
absorbed when a soft object such
as a fingertip touches the
substrate.
SAW Touch Screen use pure glass
with transmitting and receiving
piezoelectric transducers for both
the X and Y axes.
The touch screen controller sends
an electrical signal to the
transmitting transducer, which
converts the signal into ultrasonic
waves within the glass.
When you touch the screen, you
absorb a portion of the wave
traveling across it. The received
signal is then compared to the
stored digital map, the change
recognized, and a coordinate

SAW touchscreen

SAW touchscreen

1.
2.
3.
4.

Characters:
Durable glass construction
High optical clarity
Activated by a finger, gloved hand or soft tip
Not completely sealable, can be affected by
large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or water in
the environment

Technology

Capacitive

SAW

Infrared

Resistive

Transparence

Very good
>92%

Very good
>92%

Very good
>92%

75%~85%

Resolution

Good

Good

Limited due to
spacing of IR
sensors

good

Surface
Contaminants
/durability

Resistant to
moisture and
other surface
contaminants

Adversely
affected by
moisture or
Surface
contaminants

Potential for
False activation
or dead zones
From Surface
Contaminants

Unaffected by
Surface
contaminants.
Polyester top
sheet is easily
scratched

Sensor
substrate

Glass with ITO Glass with ITO

coating
coating

Any substrate

Polyester top
sheet, glass
substrate with
ITO coating

Display size

8.4"-21"

10.4"-30"

10.4"-60"

up to 19"

Touch method

Human touch

finger, gloved

Can use any

pointing device

Can use any

pointing device

hand or soft tip

Multi-touch technology
Multi-touch denotes a set of interaction

techniques which allow computer users to

control graphical applications with several
fingers.
Products:
Apple iPhone, iPod touch, MacBook Air, and
MacBook Pro
Microsoft Surface

Environment Sensors
The Android platform provides four sensors that let you

monitor various environmental properties. You can use

these sensors to monitor relative ambient humidity,
illuminance, ambient pressure, and ambient temperature
near an Android-powered device. All four environment
sensors are hardware-based and are available only if a
device manufacturer has built them into a device. With
the exception of the light sensor, which most device
manufacturers use to control screen brightness,
environment sensors are not always available on devices.
Because of this, it's particularly important that you verify
at runtime whether an environment sensor exists before
you attempt to acquire data from it.
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The rapid development and miniaturization of

technologies used in digital cameras, cell phones, and

wireless computers are allowing scientists to develop
networks of small sensors that will lead to a new era of
monitoring the health and stability of our environment.
Wireless devices half the size of a cell phone now exist
with sensors to measure light, wind speed, rainfall,
temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure.
Moreover, these devices store collected data, process
desired data averages or transformations, and then
transmit requested data by radio frequency along a
series of wireless hops to an Internet node.
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Deploying arrays of hundreds of these sensor

devices will allow us to fill a gap between
local-scale ecological observations and
environmental data from scattered regional
weather stations.
Such micrometeorological measurements at
fine spatial and temporal scales will help
scientists understand the relationship of
broad-scale changes in global climate and
local microclimate that control many
ecosystem and physiological processes.
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THANK YOU