Muscle Cramp

Muscular Dystrophy

Impaired
Musculoskeletal
System

Osteoporosis

Arthritis

 Muscle cramp is as an involuntarily,

painful and prolonged contraction within a
muscle.
Can occur while muscles are in use or at
rest.

 Osteoporosis is a bone disease caused

by gradual loss of bone density and
thinning of bone tissue, causing bones to
break easily.
The main effect of osteoporosis is that
bone fractures easily, crippling both the
body support and locomotion.

 Muscular dystrophy is a group of

inheritable diseases which cause the
muscles of the body to become gradually
weaker and finally stops working.
There are more than 30 types of muscular
dystrophy.
Muscular dystrophy can start in childhood
or adulthood.
It can affect the muscles very slowly or
very fast.

Treatment:
(a) There is no known cure for muscular
dystrophy.
(b) Drugs are used to slow muscle
degeneration, to control seizures of
some muscle activity, and antibiotics to
fight respiratory infections.
(c) Exercise and physical therapy are used
to maintain mobility for as long as
possible.

Impact of muscular dystrophy:

(a) It causes muscle weakness leading to
frequent falls and walking problem.
(b) It causes skeletal and muscle
deformities.
(c) Eventually, the victim may be confined to
the wheelchair.

 Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints.

The two most common types of arthritis
are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Osteoarthritis is due to the wear and tear
of joints and surrounding tissues.
It causes pain, tenderness, swelling and
decreased function of joints affecting both
support and locomotion.

Rheumatoid arthritis:
(a) is an autoimmune disease, meaning that
the immune system of the body
mistakenly attacks the synovial
membrane.
(b) causes joint pain, stiffness and swelling
of joints and a loss of joint function.
(c) directly cripples both support and
locomotion in humans.

Practicing correct and safe exercise

techniques. In order to avoid
injuries to the musculoskeletal
system, a good guide is to practise
the recommended physical
movements of each individual
exercise or activity

Following a
balanced diet

Ways of caring
for the
musculoskeletal
system

Taking appropriate
precautions during
vigorous activities

Having a food
posture
Using proper attire for
daily activities

 Posture is the position in which you hold

your body upright against gravity while
standing, sitting or lying down.

To keep bones and

joints in the correct
alignment so that
muscles can function
properly
To prevent fatigue by
using muscles more
efficiently, allowing the
body to use less energy

To prevent strain or overuse

of certain parts of the
musculoskeletal system
To prevent backache and
muscular pain due to strain,
overuse or abuse of the
musculoskeletal system

In contributing to a good
appearance

To prevent the vertebrae

column from becoming
fixed in abnormal positions
Good
posture
To reduce the stress on
the ligaments holding the
joints of the vertebrae
column together
To avoid and decrease the
abnormal wearing of joint surfaces
that could result in arthritis

Rounded
shoulders

The good lifting posture (a)

and the bad lifting posture (b)