DEVELOPMENT

OF
FACE , NOSE
AND
PALATE

By
Prof.
Saeed Abuel Makarem
Prof. Makarem

Development The of
Face

The

facial
primordia
appear early in
the fourth
week around
the primordial
stomodeum

FN
MX
md

MX
md

Prof. Makarem

Five facial primordia

appear as
prominences around
the stomodeum
FNP

The

single frontonasal
prominence

The

paired maxillary
prominences

The

paired
mandibular
prominences
Prof. Makarem

The paired facial

prominences are
derivatives of the first
pair of pharyngeal
arches
The prominences are
produced mainly by the
proliferation of neural
crest cells.

1st

These cells migrate

from the
Mesencephalon
and &
Rhombencephalon
regions of the neural
folds into the arches
during the fourth

week

Prof. Makarem

The

Nasal placodes:

Two

bilateral oval
thickenings in the surface
ectoderm, of the
frontonasal prominence,
appear, by the end of the
fourth week.

Nasal placodes are the

primordia of the nose and
nasal cavities.
Initially these placodes are
convex.
Later, they are stretched
to produce a flat depression
in each placode.

Prof. Makarem

Prof. Makarem

Mesenchyme

in the
margins of the placodes
proliferate, producing
horse shoe shaped
elevations called
medial and lateral nasal
prominences

Now

the nasal placodes

lie in depression called
nasal pits

These

pits are the

primordia of the
anterior nares (nostrils)
and nasal cavities
Prof. Makarem

Mesenchymal cells are the major

source of
the connective tissue components,
including muscles, cartilage, bone,
and ligaments in the facial and in

Prof. Makarem

The frontonasal prominence

(FNP) is formed of 2 parts:
1-

Frontal part: forms the forehead

2-

Nasal part: forms the rostral

boundary of the stomodeum.

The

paired maxillary prominences form

the lateral boundaries of the
stomodeum

The

paired mandibular prominences

constitute the caudal boundary of the
primitive mouth
Prof. Makarem

Facial

development occurs mainly

between the fourth and eighth
weeks.

By

the end of the embryonic

period, (8th week) the face has an

unquestionabl human
appearance.

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10

Between

the 7th and 8th weeks, the two

medial nasal prominences merge with
each other and with the maxillary and
lateral nasal prominences
Merging of the medial nasal and maxillary
prominences results in continuity of the
upper jaw and upper lip and separation of
the nasal pits from the stomodeum

Prof. Makarem

11

The

lower jaw and

lower lips are the first
parts of the face to
form

They

result from
merging of the medial
ends of the mandibular
prominences in the
median plane

Median

cleft lower lip is

a very rare condition

M
Prof. Makarem

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Each lateral
nasal
prominence is
separated from
the maxillary
prominence by a
cleft called
nasolacrimal
groove

Prof. Makarem

13

The

nasolacrimal duct develops from

a rodlike thickening of ectoderm in
the floor of the nasolacrimal groove

This

thickening gives rise to a solid

epithelial cord that separates from
the ectoderm and sinks into the
mesenchyme

As

a result of cell degeneration, this

epithelial cord canalizes to form the
nasolacrimal duct
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 The

cranial end of this

duct expands to form
the lacrimal sac

By

the late fetal period,

the nasolacrimal duct
drains into the inferior
meatus in the lateral
wall of the nasal cavity

The

duct usually
becomes completely
patent only after
birth

Occasionally,

part of the
duct fails to canalize
causing atresia of the
nasolacrimal duct.
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Prof. Makarem

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Development of the
By the end of the fifth week, the
External
Ear
primordia
of the auricles
of the ears
have begun to develop

Six auricular hillocks form around

the first pharyngeal groove (cleft).

Three on each side of the 1st

pharyngeal groove (cleft).

These are the primordia of the

auricle and external acoustic
meatus.

Initially the ear located in the neck.

As the mandible develops the ears
ascend to the level of the eye.

Prof. Makarem

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Development of The Palate

As the medial nasal prominences merge, they

form an intermaxillary segment
The intermaxillary segment gives rise to:
1- The Philtrum (median part of the upper lip).
2- The Premaxillary part of the maxilla and
associated gingiva (gum).
3- The primary palate.

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Development of Palate
The palate develops from two stages:
Primary

palate
Secondary palate
Palatogenesis

begins at the end of the fifth

week and is completed at twelfth week
(5------12 )

The critical period of the palate development

is from the end of the sixth week until the
beginning of ninth week (6Prof.------
9)
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Primary Palate
Early

in the sixth week the primary palate or

median palatine process begins to develop
from the intermaxillary segment of the
maxilla

Initially

this segment is formed by merging

of the medial nasal prominences

The

primary palate forms the premaxillary

part of the maxilla

It

represents only a small part of the adult

hard palate
(2 Medial nasal prominences
>>>>intermaxillary segment
.>>>>>>>>>-primary palate).
Prof. Makarem

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21

Secondary
The secondary palate is
Palate
the primordium of the
hard and soft palate

It

begins to develop
early in the sixth
week from two
mesenchymal
projections that extend
from the internal
aspects of the
maxillary prominences

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Initially

the
lateral palatine
processes or
palatal shelves
project
inferomedially on
each side of the
developing
tongue
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As

the jaws develop, the

tongue becomes
relatively smaller and
moves inferiorly

During

the 7th & 8th

weeks, the lateral
palatine processes
elongate and ascend to
a horizontal position
superior to the tongue

Gradually

these
processes approach
each other and
fuse in the median plane

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Palatine

processes also
fuse with the nasal
septum and the
posterior part of the
primary palate

The

nasal septum
develops as a
downgrowth from
internal parts of the
merged medial nasal
prominences

The

fusion between the

nasal septum and the
palatine processes
begins anteriorly during
the ninth week and is
completed posteriorly
by the twelfth week

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Palatal

shelves move
medially and fuse with the
nasal septum.
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 Bone

gradually develops
in the primary palate,
forming the premaxillary
part of the maxilla, which
lodges the incisor teeth

Concurrently

bone
extends from the maxillae
and palatine bones into
the lateral palatine
processes to form the hard
palate

The

posterior part of these

processes do not ossified.
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They

extend
posteriorly beyond the
nasal septum and fuse
to form the soft palate.
Its soft conical
projection is called
uvula
The

median palatine
raphe indicates the line
of fusion of the lateral
palatine processes
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Cleft Lip and Palate

The

defect is usually classified

according to developmental criteria
There are two major groups of
cleft lip and palate:

Clefts

involving the upper lip and

anterior part of the maxilla

Clefts

involving the hard and soft

regions of the palate
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