Ethical-Legal Foundations

of Education

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Rights,

privileges and duties of

teachers
Pursuant to R.A. 7836- Philippine
teachers Professionalization Act
12 articles-

Magna Carta for Public School

Teachers

Promotes the well-being and safeguards the

right of the public school teachers.
It promotes the improvement of public school
teachers.
living and working condition, terms of
employment, career prospects
The right against transfer from one station to
another without the teachers consent

Legal Bases of Education

1987 Constitution- deals on education, science, Technology,

Arts, Culture and Sports.
Education act of 1982- general education for the individual,
respond to the changing needs and conditions of the nation
Act No. 74 of the Philippine Commission- Philippine Public
School System,English
R. A. converted Philippine Normal College into PNU
U.P. Act No. 1870- establishment of University of the Philippines
R.A 139- selection and adoption of textbook
Department Order No. 25 s. 1974- Bilingual education
MECS Order 44 s. 1983- Procedure for determining honor pupils
in elementary grades
DECS order 49 s. 1992- selection of honor students in the
secondary education
DECS order 1. S. 1994- school calendar 200 days

Legal
Bases
of
Education

R.A. 7722 puts up the Commission on Higher

Education to oversee tertiary education.
RA. 7877Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
R.A. 7791- stretched the school year from 185- 200
days
MECS order 57 s. 1981- protection of school
teachers
R.A. 7836- LET under PRC
E.O 189- all public school teachers under the
supervision of DECS
R.A. 7796- creation of TESDA
R.A- creation of CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE in
TEACHER EDUCATION
R.A.- 7743- city and municipal libraries

Anthropological and
Sociological
Foundations of
Education

Concepts in Psychological Foundations

of Education

Learner, learning process and learning situation- three

components of educative process.
Learner- center of any educative process
Learning- relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge
to practice.
Growth- the quantitative change s that take place within the
person
Development- refers to the qualitative changes in various aspect
of the organism
Maturation- unfolding of characteristics potentially present in the
individual
Heredity- transmission of innate characteristics from parents to
offspring
Environment-conditions that affect the growth or development of
the organism.
Assimilation- process of acquiring new skills.

Stages in Life Span Development

Prenatal-

conception to birth
Infancy- birth- 18 months
Early childhood- 18 months- 6 years
Late Childhood- 6- 13 years
Adolescence- 13- 20 years
Young adulthood- 20- 45 years
Middle age- 20- 45 years
Old age- 65 years to death

Theories
of
Human
Development

Piaget- (cognitive development) sensorimotor,

preoperational, concrete operational stage, formal
operational stage. Pupils are active learners
Gardner- Theory of multiple intelligences- all
individual are capable of developing at least seven
domains
Freud- Theory of Psycho-sexual Development-effects
on the early childhood experiences to adult behavior.
(oral, anal, phallic, latency, Genital)
Erickson- Theory of Personal Development (trust vs.
Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame,
Competence vs. inferiority, identity vs. role
confusion)
Kohlberg- stages of Moral development

Socio- Anthropological Foundations of

Education

Sociology- science of man and society

Anthropology- past and ancient civilization
Society- organized group of a population
Group- unit of inter-acting personalities
Primary- intimate
Secondary- impersonal
Other groups- in group out- group
Types of status: ascribed status (acquired at birth),
achieved (realized through hard work or talent)
Culture- sum total of what man has learned in
living together

Processing More Items

Men tend to stay together because of common practices, values and beliefs
which can be termed as:
1.
Aspirations
2.
Culture
3.
Change
4.
Roles
Education as cultural transmission regards as most important to
1.
The individual and his personal values
2.
The society and its immediate problems
3.
Family and its practices
4.
Human group sharing the same culture
Acculturation is one of the process in transmitting culture basically through
1.
Obedience
2.
Sharing
3.
Interaction
4.
Observation

When man discovers or modifies/existing materials and tools to increase production,

he is making a
1.
Social change
2.
Technological change
3.
Cultural change
4.
Societal change
The age level which tend to be the most teachable is
1.
Infancy
2.
Childhood
3.
Adolescence
4.
Adulthood
The classification of group members according to certain criteria in a society is called
1.
Social status
2.
Social stratification
3.
Social role
4.
Social mobility
Divorce is observed in the West while it is still taboo for Filipinos. What does it
illustrate about culture?
1.
Culture is adaptive
2.
Culture is symbolic
3.
Culture is valued
4.
Culture is relative
Following Piagets theory of learning, Ms Victoria provides her students varied
activities that enable them to classify objects according to more than one
variable. These development can be performned by
1.
Presscholers
2.
College students
3.
High school students
4.
Elementary students

Principles of Learning and

Teaching

Concepts Basic to Classical conditioning

Learning is a change in an individual caused by

experience.
Unconditional stimulus- stimulus that naturally
elicits unconditioned response
Unconditioned response- a response to
unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus- a stimulus that has
acquired the power generate a conditioned
response.
Conditioned response-a response elicited after a
conditioning process
Contingency- a situation in which one event
happens only another event has happened.

Some Applications of Classical

Conditioning to Classroom Teaching

1. Facilitate emotional, behavioral, and cognitive

response neutral stimuli through positive
association with stimuli.
2. Build positive associations between teaching
and learning activities
3. Relate learning activities with pleasant events
4. Assist every student to experience success
5. Maintain a positive learning environment
6. Develop skills in recognizing differences and
similarities among situations to enable them to
discriminate and generalize situations.

Basic Concepts in Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning- using pleasant or unpleasant

consequences to control the occurrence of behavior.
Reinforcers- any consequences that strengthens a
behavior
* Primary reinforcer- related to basic needs e.g. food
* Secondary reinforcer- value of something is
acquired when associated with primary reinforcer e.g.
money
* Positive reinforcer- consequences given to
strengthen behavior
* Negative reinforcer- release from an unpleasant
situation to strengthen behavior
* Intrinsic- pleasure is inherent in the activity
* Extrinsic- praises or rewards given to motivate
people to engage in behavior

Basic
Concepts

Retention-occurs when learning have been

incorporated into the learners behavior
Forgetting-memory fades away
Transfer of learning- application of knowledge
learned
Generalization- use of principles in new
situations
Transposition- understanding of the relationships
among facts.
Formal discipline theory- faculties of the mind
could be strengthened
Identical elements theory- elements present in
the original learning situation must be present in
the new learning situation.

Instinct theory- innate instincts

Association theory- deprivation of need will cause the
individual to act
Drive theory- innate instinct
Need gratification- to satisfy needs
Cognitive theory- man is rational and consciously decides
what he will and what he will not.
Self determination- an attitude of determination
Intrinsic- an individuals internal desire
Extrinsic- promoted by factors external to the individual
Learnability- all attitudes
Stability- learned attitudes become stronger
Personal-societal significance- attitudes are of highimportance
Affective-cognitive contents- attitudes have both factual
information
Affection- pertains to emotions or feelings
Affective learning- consists of responses acquired as one
evaluates the meaning.

Which of the following changes is an instance of learning

1.
Growing heavier
2.
Learning to walk
3.
Associating red light with stop
4.
Feeling drowsy after taking drug
All are outcomes of learning, except one. Which is the
exception?
1.
Maturation and development
2.
Knowledge and understanding
3.
Habits and attitudes
4.
Abilities and skills
Which of the following is an operant behavior?
1.
Writing an essay
2.
Getting high grades
3.
Receiving a medal
4.
Being scolded

In classical conditioning, which are paired together in order to elicit

the desired response?
1.
Unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus
2.
Conditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus
3.
Unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus
4.
Unconditioned response and neutral stimulus
Which of the following instructional events support learning at
retrieval phase?
1.
Signal learning
2.
Stimulus-response learning
3.
Discrimination learning
4.
Concept learning
Which of the following is an operant behavior?
1.
Writing an essay
2.
Getting high grades
3.
Receiving a medal
4.
Being scolded

Peter was praised for writing legibly and continues to do so. Which
principle of behavior learning is observed?
1.
Premack
2.
Consequence
3.
Contingency
4.
Primary reinforcement
The teacher excuses Zaldy who completed her assignment from
clean-up activity which she does not like to do. This is a
consequence of
1.
Positive reinforcement
2.
Negative reinforcement
3.
Presentation punishment
4.
No reinforcement
Ms. Umalis lesson is on the different provinces of the Philippines.
What is the best way to organize this particular different factual
information to achieve meaningful association?
1.
By attributes
2.
By relationship
3.
Alphabetically
4.
By land area