What makes a Eukaryote a

Eukaryote?

thought to have developed

as in pocketing of cell
membrane-why?
therefore need to be flexibleso?
internal cytoskeleton for:
structure
internal movement

nuclear envelope
digestive vessicles

Types of Movement
Flagella: long, whip-like, usually one or two
(not more); majority use to pull themselves
Cilia: short, many, same structure as
flagella, just shorter, more precise
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1
Pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ICqcZ99qGk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cukdrqO8XFE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG6Dd3COug4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp

1.Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli)
underneath membrane
1. Dinoflagellates-unicellular,
marine, 2 flagella; all
trophic styles
2. Apicomplexans-parasites
with elaborate lifestyles;
usu. multi hosts
3. Ciliates-macro &
micronuclei; cilia-very
precise (Paramecium-p.

1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath
membrane
1. Dinoflagellates-unicellular, marine, 2
flagella;
all trophic styles (red tides)

http://www.thinkatheist.com/forum/topics/fantastic-creatures-with?groupUrl=science&commentId=1982180%3AComment%3A196608&groupId=1982180%3AGroup%3A815

1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath
membrane
2. Apicomplexans-parasites with elaborate
lifestyles;
usu. multi hosts (malaria)

http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/f/f1/Malaria.jpg/250px-Malaria.jpg

1. Chromalveolates
A. Alveolates-sacs (alveoli) underneath
membrane
3. Ciliates-macro & micronuclei; cilia-very
precise
Those
placed towards the top left are typically found in the open water of
lakes; those
close to the centre at the base are all anaerobic. The remainder
(Paramecium)
are generally found in sediments and detritus, and attached to submerged
surfaces (e.g. aquatic animals and plants). All are drawn to scale (see scale
bar showing 1 millimetre at the right hand side).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fmwN_mD7TvY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=saLYHUs6cWk&feature=related

1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
1.
2.

3.

Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o;

silica pillboxes; photosynthetic;
fresh, marine, terrestrial (p. 599)
Brown alge-multicellular; most
marine; fucoxanthin = accessory
pigment (still have chlorophyll a &
c); organ & tissue differentiation
Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic;
absorptive heterotrophs; water
molds & powdery mildew (p. 601)

1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
1. Diatoms-2 flagella, 1 w/hairs, 1 w/o; silica
pillboxes;
photosynthetic; fresh, marine,
terrestrial

http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/protista/protis3.jpg

1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
2. Brown alge-multicellular; most marine;
fucoxanthin = accessory pigment (still have
chlorophyll a & c); organ & tissue differentiation

http://burtonbiology.com/chile/lisapics/mypics/P1010013.JPG

1. Chromalveolates
B. Stramenophiles
3. Oomycetes-non-photosynthetic; absorptive
heterotrophs; water molds & powdery mildew

http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/1859.280x185.clip.jpeg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Water_mold.JPG/200px-Water_mold.JPG

2. Plantae
A. Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan
layer b/w 2 chloroplast
membranes
B. Red alge-multicellular;
phycoerythrin = accessory
pigment (also have chlorophyll
a)-depends on depth for color;
agar (p. 602)
C. Chlorophytes-green algechlorophyll a & b-like plants;
most aquatic; mostly fresh;
colonial forms-spherical &

2. Plantae
A. Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan layer b/w 2
chloroplast memebranes

http://www.palaeos.org/images/9/9a/Glaucocystis.jpg

2. Plantae
B. Red alge-multicellular; phycoerythrin =
accessory pigment (also have chlorophyll a)depends on depth for color; agar

http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/additional/science-focus/locus/images/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg

2. Plantae
C. Chlorophytes-green alge-chlorophyll a & b-like
plants; most aquatic; mostly fresh; colonial formsspherical & filamentous

http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/volvox.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Spirogyra.JPG
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o39D-zxiSmE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Y7k4gOYko
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cor_ek7foVM&feature=related

3. Excavates-diverse!!
A. Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no
mitochondria; Giardia-diarrhea
(p. 603)
B. Parabasalids-no mitochondria;
Trichomonas-STD (p. 603)
C. Heteroloboseans-amoeba &
flagella stages
D. Euglenids-flagella; repro
asexually-binary fission;
photo/autotrophic-depending on
conditions; 3 membrane
chloroplast

3. Excavates-diverse!!
A. Diplomonads-2 nuclei; no mitochondria;
Giardia-diarrhea

http://content3.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/78382_large.jpg

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/1/11/Trichomonas_LifeCycle.gif

3. Excavates-diverse!!
B. Parabasalids-no mitochondria; anaerobic;
Trichomonas-STD; symbiotic relationship with
termites: allow them to digest cellulose (in turn
have symbiotic bacteria!)

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D-3wI/Sw5GMB47rTI/AAAAAAAABCg/fIIIiVsj8go/s400/Naegleria%2Blife
%2Bcycle&imgrefurl=http://skepticwonder.blogspot.com/2009/11/heterolobosea-ii-change-of-heart-amoebo.html&usg=__NTV4AFrnRGLS_I389UEfVD3d3o=&h=398&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=0GfCXxR30aPW7M:&tbnh=123&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheteroloboseans%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1

3. Excavates-diverse!!
C. Heteroloboseans-amoeba & flagella stages
(some have both, some have only one stage,
some have two different types of flagellated
stages, some do encystment)

http://tolweb.org/Heterolobosea/96360

3. Excavates-diverse!!
D. Euglenids-flagella; repro asexually-binary
fission; photo/autotrophic-depending on
conditions; 3 membrane chloroplast

http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiZ85y0g3UI

3. Excavates-diverse!!
E. Kinetoplastids-flagella; parasites
(Trypanosoma-sleeping sickness)

http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/FIGcruzi01.jpg

Groups
4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needlelike pseudopods
A. Cercozoans-very diverse:
amoeboid, flagella;
aquatic, terrestrial
B. Foraminiferans-Calcium
carbonate shells (p. 587)
C. Radiolarians-silica shells;
marine (p. 605)

4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods

A. Cercozoans-very diverse: amoeboid, flagella;
aquatic, terrestrial (a lot of argument here; one
group has chloroplasts: bound by 4 membranes
and contains a vestigial nucleus)

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D3wI/Sn_dZSj5PjI/AAAAAAAAAgE/Zkn54RPAGEY/s400/Ebriid+Hoppenrath+Leander+2006+Protist.jpg

4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods

2. Foraminiferans-Calcium carbonate shells,
mostly marine

http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Foraminiferans-10-species-2.jpg

4. Rhizaria-unicellular; needle-like pseudopods

C. Radiolarians-silica shells; marine

http://images.nbii.gov/RFemmer/D_med-res/Radiolarians-10-species-2.jpg

5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
1. Loboseans-unicellular:
predator, parasite, scavengers
2. Plasmodial slime moldmultinucleate; vegetative
phase = feeding stage-move
by cytoplasmic streaming;
unfavorable conditions form
fruiting body-spore bearing
3. Cellular slime mold-individual
cells with in body

5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
1. Loboseans-unicellular: predator, parasite,
scavengers

http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/3212957287_129489fca2_o.150a.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsYpngBG394&feature=response_watch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKNzzxuz6uk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU

5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
2. Plasmodial slime mold-multinucleate;
vegetative phase = feeding stage-move by
cytoplasmic streaming; unfavorable conditions
form fruiting body-spore bearing

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://gallery.photo.net/photo/8415236-md.jpg&imgrefurl=http://photo.net/photodb/photo%3Fphoto_id
%3D8415236&usg=__aoJe0Gw_ClyKLcVFu_PbQZkDeig=&h=453&w=680&sz=154&hl=en&start=6&itbs=1&tbnid=np8wEHUz7wA1vM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=13
9&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplasmodial%2Bslime%2Bmold%26hl%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1

5. Unikonts
A. Amoebozoans
3. Cellular slime mold-individual cells within
body

http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/5/5d/Dog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg/180pxDog_vomit_slime_mold.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk&feature=related
(first 30 sec)

Groups
5. Unikonts
B. Opisthokonts
1. Choanoflagellates-flagella
posterior (all others
anterior)
2. Animals
3. Fungi

5. Unikonts
B. Opisthokonts
1. Choanoflagellates-flagella posterior (all
others anterior)
very similar to sponges

http://monado.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/choanoflagellate.jpg