WHY 3D?

WHY 3D?
SUB SURFACE
FEATURES OF INTEREST IN
HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION ARE THREE
DIMENSIONAL IN NATURE. IN ORDER TO HAVE
ADEQUATE AND DETAILED IMAGE OF THE
SUBSURFACE, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO USE 3-D
IMAGING TECHNIQUE.

ADVANTAGES OF 3D

IMAGING OF SUB SURFACE

RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS

IMAGING OF SUB SURFACE

DELINEATION OF 3D SUBSURFACE
FEATURES USING 2D SURVEYS
OFTEN LEADS TO AMBIGUITY.
THE SUBSURFACE GENERALLY DIPS
IN MANY DIRECTIONS IN AREAS
WHERE STRUCTURAL TRAPS ARE
BEING EXPLORED.

RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS NEEDED TO PROPERLY
DEVELOP
HYDROCARBON
RESERVOIRS
SUBSTANTIALLY EXCEEDS THE DETAIL REQUIRED
TO FIND THEM.
DUE TO THIS THERE IS A STEADY INCREASE IN
APPLICATION OF 3D SEISMIC TO RESERVOIR
MANAMGEMENT.

RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS
3D SEISMIC IMPACTS RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT IN TWO WAYS
IDENTIFICATION OF RESERVES
REMAINED UNRECOVERD BY
EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PLAN.
SAVE COSTS BY MINIMISING DRY
HOLES AND POOR PRODUCERS.

RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS
THE 3D SEISMIC CAN PROVIDE
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE
ROCK PROPERTIES WHICH ARE USED
AS
INPUT
INTO
RESERVOIR
SIMULATION MODELS.

APPLICATIONS OF
3D SEISMIC DATA
3 D S E IS M IC D A T A
G E O M E T R IC
FRAM E W O RK

R O C K / F L U ID P R O P E R T IS

FLO W
S U E V E IL L A N C E

RESERVES
VOLUME

WELL/PLATFORM
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONS

RECOVERY
STRATEGY

3D DATA ACQUISITION
PROJECT PLANNING

KEY WORDS

SWATH
INLINE /CROSSLINE
RECEIVER /SHOTLINES
RECEIVER / SHOT
INTERVAL
3D FOLD
BIN SIZE

KEY WORDS ( CONTD )

MIGRATION APERTURE
FRESNEL ZONE
EVEN FOLD DISTRIBUTION
EVEN OFFSET DISTRIBUTION
REDUNDANT MULTIPLICITY
NON REDUNDENT MULTIPLICITY
AZIMUTH

FIELD PARTY SET UP

S U P E R V IS O R
P A R T Y C H IE F

SU RVE YO R

D R IL L E R

F IE L D O B S E R V E R

Q C O

FIELD EQUIPMENT

SEISMIC CABLES
GEOPHONES
RECORDING INSTRUMENT
MAGNETIC TAPES
SHOOTING SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION SETS
SHOT HOLE DRILLING
ENERGY SOURCES
TRANSPORTATION

ENERGY SOURCES
DYNAMITE (LAND)
VIBROSEIS (LAND)
AIRGUN
(OFFSHORE)

SHOT HOLE DRILLING

MANUAL DRILLING
JET BORING
TRUCK MOUNTED RIGS

PRE PLANNING

PROGRAMME
RECONNAISSANCE
PROJECT REPORT
PROCUREMENT / COLLECTION OF
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

DATABASE
GEOLOGICAL/INTERPRETATIONAL
OBJECTIVES
GRAVITY ANAMOLY MAPS
TOPO SHEETS OF THE AREA
PREVIOUS SEISMIC WORK DONE
RELEVANT SEISMIC SECTION
TIME STRUCTURE MAPS
WELL DATA / VSP DATA

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

UP HOLE SURVEY
SHALLOW REFRACTION SURVEY
NOISE ANALYSIS
FOLD BACK EXPERIMENT

FORMULA FOR MULTIPLICITY

MULTIPLICITY =( N*S)/(2*n)
N= no. of channels in the spread
S = no. of shot points for the spread
n = no. of stations by which the
spread is
advanced

EXAMPLE

MULTIPLICITY =( N*S)/(2*n)
If N = 48, S = 1, n =1, then M = 24
If N = 48, S = 1, n =2, then M = 12
If N = 96, S = 1, n =1, then M = 48
If N = 96, S = 1, n =2, then M = 24

OFFSET DISTRIBUTION
IDEALLY , IT IS DESIRABLE TO HAVE A
WIDE SELECTION OF OFFSETS FOR
EACH COMMON- CELL GATHER.
OTHERWISE SMALL ERRORS IN
MOVE OUT CORRECTION MAY
CAUSE TRACE TO TRACE CHALTER
ON STACKED ON SECTIONS.

EVEN OFF SET DISTRIBUTION

NEAR
NEAR MIDDLE
FAR MIDDLE
FAR

12
12
12
12

3D GEOMETRIES

SWATH PATTERN
BRICK PATTERN
SEIS LOOP
SEIS SQARE

SWATH 3D GEOMETRY
4 R/L - R1, R2, R3, R4 & S/L - S4
G.I = 50M, SP.I = 100M, BIN SIZE = 25M X 50M
R/L INT.=100M, S/L INT.=100M, NEAR OFFSET = 300 & 350M

R4
#181
R3
#121
R2 #61
R1
#1

#240
#180
#120
#60

S4

BRICK PATTERN 3D GEOMETRY

4 R/L - R1, R3, R5, R7 & 4 S/L - S5, S6, S7, S8
G.I = 50M, SP.I = 100M, BIN SIZE = 25M X 50M
R/L INT.=200M, S/L INT.=100M, NEAR OFFSET = 300 & 350M

R7
#181
R5
#121
R3 #61
R1
#1

#240
#180
#120
#60

S8
S7
S6
S5

SHOOTING DIRECTION
STRIKE LINE SHOOTING
45 DEGREE FROM DIP DIRECTION
DIP LINE SHOOTING

MARINE ACQUISITION
THE MOST COMMON MARINE 3D DATA
ACQUISITION INVOLVES SHOOTING A
NUMBER OF CLOSELY SPACED
PARALLEL 2D LINES

BIN
A BIN IS A SMALL SUB SURFACE AREA
WHICH DEFINES ONE SET OF
RECORDED
TRACES
TO
BE
STACKED
TOGETHER
IN
PROCESSING.
BIN SIZE = G.I X S.I

MIGRATION
MIGRATION IS THE PROCESS OF
MAKING THE REFLECTION SURFACE
COINCIDE WITH THE GEOLOGICAL
SURFACE BY MOVING OR
MIGRATING EACH REFLECTION
POINT TO ITS PROPER POSITION IN
THE SUB SURFACE.

MIGRATION APERTURE
THE NUMBER OF TRACES TO BE INCLUDED IN
THE STACK.
THE SIZE OF THE APERTURE DEPENDS ON DIP,
REFLECTION TIME OF THE EVENTS ON THE
UNMIGRATED SECTION AND VELOCITY.
MIGRATION APERTURE NEED NOT BE SAME IN
ALL DIRECTIONS AS IT DEPENDS UPON THE
STEEPNESS OF DIPS AT THAT END.

FRESNEL ZONE
THE CHANNEL SPACING HAS BEARING ON A
LATERAL RESOLUTION. REFLECTED ENERGY
REPRESENTS SAMPLING NOT FROM A SINGLE
POINT, BUT FROM AN AREA ON THE REFLECTING
SURFACE. THIS AREA IS CALLED FIRST FRESNEL
ZONE. ITS RADIUS R IS GIVEN BY,
R= D/2 WHERE D IS DEPTH OF REFLECTING
SURFACE AND IS WAVE LENGTH OF REFLECTED
ENERGY.

DETERMINATION OF FRESNEL ZONE RADIUS

S

D
/4
A

B
R

FIRST FRESNEL ZONE

R= D /2

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