Carbohydrates

Prof. Dwi Prijatmoko, DDS, PhD

Empirical Formula

Cn ( H2O)n
n>4

Summary of principle dietary

Carbohydrates
Source

Maize, Rice, Potato

Poly-Sach

Starch

Oligo-Sach

Glucose Syrup

Di-Sach

Maltose

Mono-Sach

Glucose

Alcohol

Sorbitol

Malitol

Sugarcane
Beet Sugar

Sucrose
Fructose + Glucose
Mannitol

Sorbitol

Summary of principle dietary

Carbohydrates
Source

Milk

Poly-Sach
Oligo-Sach
Di-Sach

Lactose

Mono-Sach

Galactose + Glucose

Alcohol

Galactitol

Sorbitol

Lactitol

Polysaccharides
Little Metabolic role
Starch
Cellulose
Inulin(Renal Function Test)

Disacharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

: Fructose + Glucose
: Galactose + Glucose
Only in Milk
: Glucose + Glucose

Mono Sacharides
Glucose
Fructose
Pentose

: Main carbohydrate in
the body.
: Same formula as
Glucose (beda rotasi)
: 5 Carbon
Essential component
Nucleic Acids

Alcohol
Sorbitol

: Had a therapeutic value as a

replacement carbohydrate in the
diet of DM & Parenteral feeding.
Xylose & Xylitol
: Alcohol of Pentose
Less Cariogenic
Less insulinogenic

Main Function of dietary

Carbohydrate

1. Provide Energy
2. Texture of food
3. As sweeting agents

Carbohydrate as Energy Source

Intake of energy as carbohydrate
Carbohydrate X Heat of combustion
Carbohydrate
Starch
Sucrose
Fructose
Glucose

Kcal/g
4.15
3.96
3.76
3.75

KJ/g
17.36
16.57
15.73
15.69

Digestion
All carbohydrates have to be hydrolyzed into
monosaccharide. - Can be absorbed
- Crossed intestinal wall
After absorption

- Portal Circulation
- Liver

Take Home assignment

1. Explain how Cn(H2O)n is
hydrolyzed through the
Alimentary Tract, which
commences in the mouth
2. Explain how Monosaccharide is
absorbed through the brush
border

Intolerance
1. Inability to hydrolyzed carbohydrate and
absorb especially Laktose
2. Oral Tolerance Test
Is used in the diagnosis of Carbohydrate
intolerance
3. Symptoms
Abdominal discomfort
Borborygmi
Flatulence
Diarrhea

Enzyme/ Carrier Deficiency

1. Primer : Enzyme/Carrier defect
Lactase deficiency in adults
2. Secondary : Arise due to disease/
disorder of the intestinal tract
- Intestinal infection
- Celiac disease

Relatives sweetness of various

carbohydrates
Sugar
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Glucose
Fructose
Sorbitol
Mannitol
Xylitol

Sweetness
100
40
20
70
(Sweeter in cooler)115-170
70
70
90

Metabolism
Glucose : Common source of Energy to cells
CO2 + H2O+ ATP
Energy : Converted to Glycogen and fat
Essential to brain and red cells
Brain 140g glucose/day
Red cells
40g glucose/day
Pregnancy Requires more glucose

Gluconeogenesis
1. In Absence Carbohydrate
2. 130 g/day (Not enough)
3. Ketone bodys oxidation !

Carbohydrate and Adipose tissue

Excess energy intake is converted
to fat.
Adipose tissue : Over weight
Liver
: Fatty Liver
Plasma
: Free Fatty Acid
Etherification

Carbohydrate Tolerance Test

Is used to assess the ability to metabolize
or absorb carbohydrate
Glucose is given orally then :
Blood Glucose is measured at various
interval
Any values above normal : Inadequate
handling of glucose

Short Home work

What is the normal value of glucose
concentration in venous blood and
capillary blood during fasting and 2 hours
post prandial (2JPP)
How about those with DM?
What is by mean of Glycemic Index (GI) of
Food?
What is the knowledge of GI to DM
patient?

Carbohydrate and serum lipid

Dietary Carbohydrate
Effect level of serum lipid
Fructose is more lipogenic Glucose
All dietary Carbohydrates reduce High
Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL
Cholesterol)

Carbohydrate and disease

1. Carries : No Correlation between
Sucrose and dental caries, but
interaction between carbohydrate +
time + mycobacterium.
2. Obesity: Excess energy is stored as
FM. Sucrose, Fructose provide more
weight gain than that of glucose

3. Diabetes Mellitus
The relationship between DM and
Carbohydrate consumption is conflicting.
Sucrose consumption = Blood glucose
(Am Diabetes mellitus Assoc Report :
Diabetes 20:633-634. 1971) draw
consensus regarding Carbohydrate diet
and DM.
Fructose & Sorbitol produce minimal
insulin level response

4. Cardiovascular disease.
Dietary carbohydrate may have role in
ischemic HD
Type IV hyperlipidemia is associated with
coronary artery disease due to the level of
TG is dependent on level of carbohydrate
consumed
Effect of sucrose is greater over starch
However, if P.U.F is added, the effect on
TG level is reduced.

5 Cataracts
Galactose and glucose play significant
role in the development of cataract.
This mono sacharide is further
metabolized in the lens. (Osmotic
effects!)
Glucose cataract is seen in DM patient
Galactose cataract I seen in
galactosemia

END OF LECTURE