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Processing Technology
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among
various styles of
system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers,
and mobile devices
Identify characteristics
of various personal
computer processors
on the market today,
and describe the ways
processors are cooled
Objectives Overview
Describe
buses in
the types of
a computer
Differentiate between a
port and a connector, and
explain the differences
among a USB port, FireWire
port, Bluetooth port, SCSI
port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
serial port, and MIDI port
Processor
The processor, also called the central
processing unit (CPU), interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic
MultiQuadlogic unit (ALU) Dual-
core
process
or
core
process
or
core
process
or
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Processor
Processor
The control unit is the component of
the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the operations in
the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic, comparison, and
other operations
Processor
For every instruction, a processor
repeats a set of four basic operations,
which comprise a machine cycle
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Processor
Most current
personal
computers support
pipelining
Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the
machine cycle for
the first instruction
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Processor
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Processor
The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are
Intel and AMD
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Processor
Determine how you plan to use a new
computer before selecting a processor
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Processor
A processor chip
generates heat
that could cause
the chip to burn up
Require additional
cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling
technology
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Processor
Parallel processing uses multiple processors
simultaneously to execute a single program or
task
Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or
thousands of processors
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Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and
vary in strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two
states: on or off
Most computers are digital
The binary system uses two unique digits
(0 and 1)
Bits and bytes
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Data Representation
A computer circuit represents
the 0 or the 1 electronically
by the presence or absence of
an electrical charge
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Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data
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Data Representation
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Memory
Memory consists of electronic
components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of
processing the data
The operating
Data being
system
Storesand
three basic
categoriesprocessed
of items:
Application
and
other system
software
programs
the resulting
information
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Memory
Each location in memory has an address
Memory size is measured in kilobytes
(KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
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Memory
The system unit contains two types of
memory:
Volatile
memory
Nonvolatile
memory
Example includes
RAM
Examples include
ROM, flash
memory, and CMOS
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Memory
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Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
Static RAM
(SRAM)
Magnetoresistiv
e RAM (MRAM)
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Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory
module and are inserted into memory
slots
26
Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a
computer often depends on the types of
software you plan to use
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Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the
computer because it stores frequently used
instructions and data
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Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to
memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions
Firmware
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Memory
Flash memory can be erased
electronically and rewritten
CMOS technology provides high speeds
and consumes little power
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Memory
Access time is the amount of time it
takes the processor to read from
memory
Measured in nanoseconds
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Bluetoo
th port
SCSI
port
eSATA
port
IrDA
port
Serial
port
MIDI
port
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Buses
A bus allows the various
devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate
with each other
Data bus
Address bus
Buses
Expansion slots connect to expansion
buses
Common types of expansion buses
PCI
Accelerate
include:
PCI bus
Express
d Graphics
bus
USB and
FireWire
bus
Port
PC Card
bus
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Bays
A bay is an
opening inside the
system unit in
which you can
install additional
equipment
A drive bay
typically holds disk
drives
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Power Supply
The power supply converts
the wall outlet AC power into DC
power
Some external peripherals have
an AC adapter, which is an
external power supply
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Home
Intel Core 2 Quad or
Intel Core 2 Duo or
AMD Sempron
Minimum RAM: 2
GB
Small Office/
Home Office
Intel Core i7 or
Intel Core i7
Extreme or AMD
Athlon X2 or AMD
Athlon II X2 DualCode
Minimum RAM: 4
GB
Mobile
Intel Core i7
Extreme or AMD
Turion X2
Minimum RAM: 2
GB
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Power
Intel Itanium 2 or
AMD 6-Core
Opteron or Intel
Quad Core Xeon
Minimum RAM: 8
GB
Enterprise
Intel Core i7 or Intel
Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Athlon X2 or
AMD Athlon II X2
Dual-Core
Minimum RAM: 4
GB
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System Software
System software consists of the
programs that control or maintain the
operations of the computer and its
devices
Operati
ng
systems
Utility
Progra
ms
50
Operating Systems
An operating system (OS) is a set of
programs containing instructions that work
together to coordinate all the activities among
computer
Start and hardware
Provide a resources
Manage
Manage
shut down a
computer
user
interface
programs
memory
Coordinate
tasks
Configure
devices
Establish an
Internet
connection
Monitor
performanc
e
Provide
utilities
Automatical
ly update
Control a
network
Administer
security
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Operating Systems
52
Warm
boot
Using the
operating
system to
restart a
computer
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Single
tasking and
multitasking
Preemptive
multitasking
Foreground
and
background
Multiprocessi
ng
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A driver is a small
program that tells
the operating
system how to
communicate with
a specific device
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Searching
for files
Viewing
images
Securing a
computer
Uninstalling
programs
Cleaning up
disks
Defragment
ing disks
Diagnosing
problems
Backing up
files and
disks
Setting up
screen
savers
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
A stand-alone operating system is a
complete operating system that works
on a desktop computer, notebook
computer, or mobile computing device
Window
s7
Mac OS
X
UNIX
Linux
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
Windows 7 is Microsofts fastest, most
efficient operating system to date and
is available in multiple editions:
Windows 7
Starter
Windows 7
Home
Premium
Windows 7
Ultimate
Windows 7
Professiona
l
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
Windows 7 provides programs such as:
Windows
Firewall
Windows
DVD Maker
Windows
Media
Player
Desktop
Gadget
Gallery
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
The Macintosh operating system has
set the standard for operating system
ease of use
Latest version is Mac OS X
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Stand-Alone Operating
Systems
UNIX is a multitasking
operating system developed
in the early 1970s
Linux is an open-source,
popular, multitasking UNIXtype operating system
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UNIX
Linux
NetWare
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Windows
Mobile
Palm OS
iPhone
OS
BlackBerry
Google
Android
Embedded
Linux
Symbian
OS
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Utility Programs
A utility program is a type of system
software that allows a user to perform
maintenance-type tasks
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Utility Programs
A file manager is
a utility that
performs functions
related to file
management
Displaying a list of
files
Organizing files in
folders
Copying, renaming,
deleting, moving,
and sorting files
and folders
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Utility Programs
A search utility is a program that
attempts to locate a file on your
computer based on criteria you specify
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Utility Programs
An image viewer
allows users to
display, copy, and
print the contents
of a graphics file
An uninstaller
removes a
program, as well as
any associated
entries in the
system files
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Utility Programs
A disk cleanup utility searches for and
removes unnecessary files
Downloaded program
files
Temporary Internet
files
Deleted files
Unused program
files
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Utility Programs
A disk defragmenter reorganizes the
files and unused space on a computers
hard disk so that the operating system
accesses data more quickly and programs
run faster
Defragmenting
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Utility Programs
A backup utility
allows users to
copy files to
another storage
medium
A restore utility
reverses the
process and
returns backed up
files to their
original form
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Utility Programs
A screen saver
causes a display
devices screen to
show a moving
image or blank
screen if no activity
occurs for a
specified time
A personal
firewall detects
and protects a
personal computer
from unauthorized
intrusions
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Utility Programs
A virus describes a potentially damaging
computer program that affects a
computer negatively
A worm
A Trojan
copies itself horse hides
repeatedly
within or
in memory looks like a
or over a
legitimate
network
program
An
antivirus
program
protects a
computer
against
viruses
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Utility Programs
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Utility Programs
Spyware is a program
placed on a computer
without the users
knowledge that secretly
collects information
about the user
A spyware remover
detects and deletes
spyware and other
similar programs
Adware displays an
online advertisement in a
banner or pop-up window
An adware remover is a
program that detects
and deletes adware
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Utility Programs
Filters are programs that remove or
block certain items from being displayed
Web
filters
Phishin
g
filters
Antispam
progra
ms
Pop-up
blocker
s
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Utility Programs
A file compression utility shrinks the size of
a file(s)
Compressing files frees up room on the storage
media
Two types of compression
Lossy
Lossless
Utility Programs
A media player allows you to view
images and animation, listen to audio,
and watch video files on your computer
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Utility Programs
Disc burning
software writes
text, graphics,
audio, and video
files on a
recordable or
rewritable optical
disc
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Utility Programs
A personal
computer
maintenance
utility identifies
and fixes operating
system problems,
detects and repairs
disk problems, and
includes the
capability of
improving a
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a
computers
Digital World Chapter 8
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