Beam-Columns

Members Under Combined Forces

Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load

e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures

P1

P2

Interaction Formulas for Combined Forces

Load Effects 1.0

Resistance

e.g. LRFD
If more than one resistance is involved consider interaction

Rn

LS 1

Rn

1.0
LS 2

Basis for Interaction Formulas

Tension/Compression & Single Axis Bending
Pu
Mu

1.0
c Pn b M n

Tension/Compression & Biaxial Bending

M ux
M uy
Pu

c Pn b M nx b M ny

1 .0

Quite conservative when compared to actual ultimate strengths

especially for wide flange shapes with bending about minor axis

AISC Interaction Formula CHAPTER H

AISC Curve
Pr 8 M rx M ry
P

1.0 for r 0.2

Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
P

1.0 for r 0.2

2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

r = required strength
c = available strength

Pr 8 M rx M ry
P

1.0 for r 0.2

Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
P

1.0 for r 0.2

2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

REQUIRED
Pr

CAPACITY
Pc

Mrx

Mcx

Mry

Mcy

Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc

Pr M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

Axial Capacity Pc

Pn Fcr Ag

0.658

QFy

QFy

Fe

KL
E
if
4.71
r
QFy
or Fe 0.44QFy

Fcr

0.877 Fe

otherwise

Axial Capacity Pc

Fe:

Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of

failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)

Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)

Flexural Buckling

2E
Fe
KL / r 2

Torsional Buckling Flexural Torsional

2-axis of symmetry Buckling
1 axis of symmetry

AISC Eqtn
E4-4

AISC Eqtn
E4-5

Flexural Torsional
Buckling
No axis of symmetry

AISC Eqtn
E4-6

Effective Length Factor

Free to rotate and translate

Fixed on bottom

2 EA
Pcr
2
2L
r

Fixed on top

Free to rotate

Fixed on bottom

Fixed on bottom

2 EA
Pcr
2
0.5L
r

2 EA
Pcr
2
0.7 L
r

Effective Length of Columns

I c Lc
Ig Lg
A

I g Lg

Assumptions
All columns under
consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously

Ic Lc

All joints are rigid

Consider members lying in the
plane of buckling

Define:

GA

Lc

Lg

GB

Lc

Lg

All members have constant A

Effective Length of Columns

Use alignment charts (Structural Stability Research Council SSRC)

LRFD Commentary Figure C-C2.2 p 16.1-241,242

Connections to foundations
(a) Hinge
G is infinite - Use G=10
(b) Fixed
G=0 - Use G=1.0

Axial Capacity Pc

LRFD

Pc c Pn

c resistance factor for compression 0.90

c Pn design compressive strength

Axial Capacity Pc

ASD

Pn
Pc
c
c safety factor for compression 1.67
Pn c allowable compressive strength

Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc

Pr M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

M p for Lb Lp

Lb Lp
M p M p Mr
M p for Lp Lb Lr
Lr Lp

M n Cb

F S M for L L
p
r
b
cr x

M r 0.7 Fy S x
Cb E
Jc Lb

Fcr
1 0.078
2
S x ho rts
Lb rts
2

REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR NONCOMPACT SHAPES

Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

REMEMBER TO ACCOUNT FOR LOCAL
BUCKLING IF APPROPRIATE

M p for p

p
Mn M p M p Mr
M p for p r
r p

F S M for
p
r
cr x

Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy

LRFD

ASD

M c b M n

Mn
Mc
b

b 0.90

b 1.67

Demand

Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc

Pr M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

Axial Demand Pr

LRFD

ASD

Pr Pu

Pr Pa

factored

service

Demand

Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc

Pr M rx M ry
Pr

1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc

Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

P

P
W

y
M

ymax @ x=L/2 =

Mmax @ x=L/2 = PwL2/8 + P

additional moment causes additional
deflection

Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

Consider
P

Mmax = P
additional moment causes additional
deflection

Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification

Total Deflection cannot be Found Directly
Additional Moment Because of Deformed Shape
First Order Analysis
Undeformed Shape - No secondary moments
Second Order Analysis (P-and P-)
Calculates Total deflections and secondary moments
Iterative numerical techniques
Not practical for manual calculations
Implemented with computer programs

Design Codes

AISC Permits
Second Order Analysis
or
Moment Amplification Method
Compute moments from 1st order analysis
Multiply by amplification factor

Derivation of Moment Amplification

x
yo e sin

Derivation of Moment Amplification

Moment Curvature

d2y
M

2
dx
EI
M P yo y

x
yo e sin

d2y
P
x

e sin y
2
dx
EI
L

d2y P
Pe
x

y sin
2
dx
EI
EI
L

2nd order nonhomogeneous DE

Derivation of Moment Amplification

d2y P
Pe
x

y sin
2
dx
EI
EI
L
Boundary Conditions

@x 0

y0

@x L

y0

Solution

x
y B sin
L

Derivation of Moment Amplification

Substitute

x
y B sin
L

in DE

2
x P
x
Pe
x
2 B sin
B sin
sin
L
L EI
L
EI
L
Solve for B

Pe

e
e
e
EI
B

2
2
Pe
P
EI EI
1
2 1
1
2
2
P
EI L
PL
PL

Derivation of Moment Amplification

Deflected Shape

x
e
x
y B sin

sin

L Pe P 1
L

1
x
1
P P 1 e sin L P P 1 yo
e
e

Derivation of Moment Amplification

Moment

M P yo y

x
e
x
P e sin
sin

L Pe P 1
L

x
P e sin
L

Mo(x)

P
P
e

Amplification
Factor

Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
M r required moment strength
M u for LRFD
M a for ASD

Braced vs. Unbraced Frames

M r B1M nt B2 M lt

Eq. C2-1a

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway

Braced Frames

M P yo y

1
Mo

P
P
e

Braced Frames

Braced Frames

Cm
B1
1
1 aPr Pe1

AISC Equation C2 - 2

Pr = required axial compressive strength

= Pu for LRFD
= Pa for ASD
Pr has a contribution from the P effect and is given by

Pr Pnt B2 Plt

Braced Frames

Cm
B1
1
1 aPr Pe1
a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD

2 EI
Pe1
2
K1L

AISC Equation C2 - 2

Braced Frames

Cm coefficient accounts for the shape of the moment

diagram

Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

M1
AISC C2 - 4
Cm 0.6 0.4
M2
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment

Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS

aPr
AISC Commentary C2 - 2
Cm 1
Pe1

2 o EI

-1
2
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1
COSERVATIVELY

Cm= 1

Unbraced Frames

M r B1M nt B2 M lt

Eq. C2-1a

Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no

sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway

Unbraced Frames

Unbraced Frames

Unbraced Frames

B2

a Pnt
1
Pe 2

a = 1.00 for LRFD

= 1.60 for ASD

= sum of required load capacities for all columns in

the story under consideration

= sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the

story under consideration

nt

e2

Unbraced Frames

2 EI
Pe 2 K L 2
2
Used when shape is known
e.g. check of adequacy

e2

Rm

HL
H

Used when shape is NOT known

e.g. design of members

Unbraced Frames

EI
Pe 2 K L 2
2
2

e2

Rm

I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending

K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the
unbraced condition
L = Story Height
Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames
H = drift of story under consideration
H = sum of all horizontal forces causing H

HL
H