Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Countries/People
Alliances created
Russia
Prussia
Austria Metternich
Great Britain
France
Goals
Legacy
1.
2.
3.
(Metternich)
spread of Revolutions)
Concert of Europe: Help
each other if revolution occurred
TODAY:
The Political
Spectrum
1790s:
Montagnards
The Plain
(swing votes)
Girondists
(The Mountain)
Monarchen
(Royalists)
Jacobins
Emergence of Nationalism
What is nationalism?
Nation composed of people who are joined
together
Common customs, culture, history
Should have the same government
Political and ethnic boundaries should be the same
Popular sovereignty
People determined national character
What about minority groups?
Majority rules?
Fate of Nationalism
People had no say over territorial changes
Language, nationality, and religion werent
taken into consideration
Ideas of democracy and self-government
were rejected by European leadership
Soon enough, concessions were made
Nationhood
Definition: economic and administrative
efficiency
Unite Germany and Italy
Could every groups become a nation?
NO!
Needed economic stability and power
Poland
against Russian ruler
Eastern Europe
against Austrian empire
Southeastern Europe
against Ottoman and Russian control
Liberalism
Political Goals
Goal: limit the power of arbitrary govt
Locke Theory responsible constitutional
govt
But
Contempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no
property
Representation to those with property
Economic Goals
Liberals wanted to be divided from lower
class
No govt regulation of economics
No mercantilism
No govt restrictions on labor and goods
Conservative Governments
Conservative Outlooks
Conservative power remains
People
Legitimate monarchies
Feared revolution and execution (like Louis)
Aristocracy
Feared loss of land and influence
Established churches
Responsible for education and maintaining status quo
FEARED
Liberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty
Conservative Response to
Liberalism and Nationalism
Austria
People:
Response:
Prussia
People:
Response:
G.B.
People:
Response:
France
People:
Response:
Political Discontent
Military Unrest
Military coup detat in 1826
Southern Society: representative govt, end serfdom, Polish
independence
Northern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom,
protect aristocracy
Dynastic Crisis
1st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas
2nd Crisis: Decembrist revolt
Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance
Nicholas I
Most reactionary: turned against all reform
Official Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism
Russian language, customs and religion were
wisdom
Revolt in Poland
Poland proclaimed independence from Russia
Nicholas sent troops
Suppress all liberal and national movements with
force
Charles X
Believer in Divine Right
Reactionary Policies
Emphasis on returning aristocracy and
Catholicism
Liberal reaction through voting
FAILED
Charles replaced ministry with ultra-royalists
Prince de Polignac
Liberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for
constitutional monarchy
Feared Rpublic
Louis Philippe
King of the French
Tri-color flag
No official religion or censorship
Belgium
Nationalism leads to Independence
Congress of Vienna merged Holland and
Belgium
Different languages, economy and religion
Independence in 1830
Great Britain
Economic reform
Allow economic freedom
Support labor unions
Religious reform
Catholic Emancipation Act
Legislating Change
The Great Reform Bill
Liberal or Conservative
Catholic Emancipation
Liberal measure, Conservative
purpose
Maintain order in Ireland
But
Increased property
requirement to vote
Results
No need for revolution
Orderly reform
Church, govt, commerce
Same government
More people influencing
1848 Revolutions
France
Habsburg Empire
Italy
Germany
Year of Revolutions
No single factor led to Revolutions
+ Food shortage
+ Economic depression (industry)
+ High unemployment
+ Wretched living conditions
= frustration
NATIONALISM
Exceptions to Revolution
Russia Why?
Inability to communicate
Polands revolts were spread-out and failed
Switzerland
Strong Army
Developed a Federalist state to minimize complete control
France
In the beginning
Economic depression
June Days of Violence
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
Hope for stability and greatness FAIL
Ego!
End Result
Emperor Napoleon III
Monarchy republic monarchy republic
monarchy
Habsburg Empire
Nationalism Resisted!
Susceptible to Revolution
Borders broke up ethnicities
Serfdom
Rebellions spread
Vienna Uprising
Louis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + Students
Metternich & Ferdinand Fled
Major Result Abolished serfdom
Magyar Revolt
Desire separate state for Hungarians
Austria vs. Hungary
Austria and Nationalists against Magyars
1890
Hungary
Czech Nationalism
National equality for Slavs
Who were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs
Goal: ONE Slavic state
Free from Ottoman and Habsburg control
1.
Figure 1
1815
Type of Control
2.
Carefree
3.
dream
4.
Title?
Figure 2
1820-1830
1. By 1830, how were leaders
divided?
3. New weaknesses?
4. Title?
We Need Help?
1.
Figure 3
1848
Why did the old order lose
control?
2.
Large # of revolutions
Earlier breakdown of unity
3.
4.
Title?
1.
Italy
Austria faced Nationalism in Northern Italy
Nationalists & Liberals hoped for
unification
Turned to Pope Pius IX (liberal)
Radicals forced Republic Pope fled
Returned to war
Germany
Revolutions
Wanted unification & liberal government
Prussia
Frederick William IV moved towards
Unification
Liberal government reforms (constitution)
Suffrage
Three-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes
Frankfurt Parliament
Goal: write a constitution
Purpose: liberal unification of Germany
Alienated conservatives & working class
Created a constitution
Asked Frederick William IV to RULE
He refused
Kings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man
CONSERVATIVE
Prussia
Frankfurt
Austria