EAB 3308

Hydrology and
Hydraulics

Lecture Week 1
Lecture 1: Introduction

Course Objectives
HYDROLOGY:
Engineering applications of hydrologic science
Hydrologic cycle
Basic statistics in hydrology
Precipitation data analysis
Watershed characteristics
Rainfall-runoff analysis
Hydrologic design:
Class Schedule
Design rainfall
Monday: 2-4 pm
Design flows
Lab Friday: 3-6
Hydrograph analysis
Hydrologic routing processes
Groundwater hydrology

Broad Objectives

Understanding of hydrologic processes,

particularly the processes of precipitation,
evaporation, infiltration, and surface water.
Methods of hydrologic analysis, including unit
hydrograph, flow routing, statistical methods and
frequency analysis in hydrology.
Methods of hydrologic design, including the
development of design storms and design flows

Learning Outcomes
Students will able to
fit probability distributions to hydrologic processes such as rainfall
and streamflow, and they understand the breadth and limitations of
statistical methods
understand the concepts of excess rainfall and direct runoff.
estimate the time of concentration of a watershed, based on
information about surface type and travel length, slope, and rainfall
intensity
develop design storms and estimate infiltration and hydrologic losses
based on information about land use and soil type
estimate peak discharges and develop unit hydrographs and design
hydrographs for small-scale watersheds
learn a basic understanding of hydrologic and hydraulic methods of
flow routing
Available software

Course Evaluation
Homework & Class Attendance: 20%
Two Tests
1st Test: 20%
2nd Test: 20%
Final Exam: 40%
Total Marks: 100%

Outline

Introduction of the course

Hydrologic cycle
Definition of hydrologic parameters
Global water availability
Water resources of Malaysia
Drainage basins of Malaysia

Hydrology
Hydrology (Greek: Hydor, "water"; and
logos, "study") is the study of the
movement, distribution, and quality of
water throughout the Earth, and thus
addresses both the hydrologic cycle and
water resources.
Hydrology Domains
Hydrometeorology, Surface hydrology,
Hydrogeology/Groundwater Hydrology,
Watershed hydrology, Chemical
hydrology, Hydroinformatics, Drainage
basin management and water quality.

Related Fields

Aquatic chemistry
Civil engineering
Climatology
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering science
Geomorphology
Hydrography
Hydraulic engineering
Limnology
Oceanography
Physical geography

Hydrologic
Prediction
Statistical Hydrology
Statistical properties of hydrologic records, such
as rainfall or river flow.
Hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic
phenomena
These estimates are important for proper risk
analysis
Hydrologic Modeling
Understanding of the
behaviour of hydrologic systems to make
better predictions and to face the major
challenges in water resources management

Applications

Study the water balance of a region & the agricultural water balance
Designing riparian restoration projects
Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk
Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning
Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity
Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling
Providing drinking water
Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation
Designing bridges
Designing sewers and urban drainage system
Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer
systems
Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or
sedimentation.
Assessing the impacts of natural and environmental change on water
resources
Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental
policy guidelines

Hydrologic Cycle
Water
moves
throughout
the Earth by
different
pathways
and at
different
rates

Cloud Formation
Rain Clouds

Evaporation

Precipitation

Runoff

Soil

Storage

Transpiration

Stream
Infiltration

Vegetation

Percolation

Ocean

Groundwater Flow

How Hydrologic Cycle Works

Hydrologic Cycle

Groundwater Reservoir

Hydrologic Cycle Processes

Global Water Availability

m3/capita/year
500
1350
3850
10000
37500
325000

World Population by Freshwater

Availability

Population and Water Use

1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3
9000
8000

Withdrawal (km3/yr)

7000

Population (million)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Global Water Resources

105,000 km3 or
0.0076% of
total water

Global Freshwater

Global Water

Water Availability vs
Population

World Population by Freshwater

Availability
2000
Total population: 6 million
Relative sufficiency: 92%
Stress: 5%
Scarcity: 3%
2025
Total population: 7.82 billion
Relative sufficiency: 62%
Stress: 31%
Scarcity: 7%
*

600million people face water scarcit

Estimate of the World Water Balance

Computed as though storage were uniformly distributed

over the entire surface of the earth

Water Resources Availability-Malaysia

Total available water resources have been
estimated to be 630 km3/year
Surface water: 566 km3/year
Groundwater: 64 km3/year
Major water uses: irrigation, domestic
and industrial water supplies.

Irrigation consumes about 70%

of
the total surface water used.

Climate - Malaysia
Malaysia has a hot and humid tropical climate
marked by seasonal variations in rainfall
The annual mean rainfall
Peninsular Malaysia: 2,540 mm
Sabah: 2,630 mm
Sarawak: 3,850 mm
Highest 5,500 mm of annual rainfall in
Sarawak
Mean annual temperature is 27C (25 -30o)
Relative humidity is high (85 - 95%)

Topography of P.
Malaysia

Topography of East
Malaysia

Water Quality Status River

Basins in P. Malaysia

Landuse Map P. Malaysia (2002)

Rainfall Map- P. Malaysia

Soil Map P. Malaysia

Temperature Map P. Malaysia

Average Monthly Rainfall

Major Cities of Malaysia

Watershed Hydrologic System

Typical Drainage Basin Langat

River Basin

Bernam River Basin

Pahang River Basin

Muda River Basin

Sg. Kedah Basin

Water Balance Components

The basic components are:
Precipitation (P), interception, surface retention, evaporation
(E), transpiration (T), infiltration (I), surface runoff (R) and
groundwater flow (G). The change of storage is:

ds
Input Output
dt
S P I R G E T

End
Next Lecture
Statistical Hydrology