ENG2002: Mechanical and

Materials Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science and Engineering

You will learn about:

material structure
how structure dictates properties
how processing can change structure

This course will help you to:

use materials properly
realize new design opportunities
with materials
Chapter 1 - 1

LECTURES
Lecturer: Hany Farag Simone Pisana (weeks 1-2)
Time: Tuesdays and Thursdays 10-11:30 AM
Location: R S137
Activities:
Present new material
Announce reading and homework
Take quizzes and midterms*
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.

Chapter 1 - 2

Tutorial
Times and Places:
Wednesdays

CLH B 9:30 am-10:30 am

Purpose:
Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
Hand back graded quizzes, exams
Discuss concepts from lecture
Tutorial starts next week.

Chapter 1 - 3

TEACHING ASSISTANTS
Name

Office

E-mail

Nader El-Taweel

LAS 3027

naderelt@yorku.ca

Sarah Kandil

LAS 3027

skhandil@yorku.ca

Teaching Assistants will

administer tutorials
have office hours to help you with course material
and problem sets.

Chapter 1 - 4

OFFICE HOURS
Tuesdays and Thursdays**
12:00 PM 1:00 PM.
**Contact professor for special arrangements
Ext: 33844

Email: hefarag@yorku.ca

Activities:
Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
Discuss lectures, book
Pick up missed handouts

Chapter 1 - 5

OFFICE HOURS (FIRST 2 WEEKS)

Mondays and Wednesdays**
1:00 PM 2:00 PM.
**Contact professor for special arrangements
Ext: 77885

Email: pisana@yorku.ca

Activities:
Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
Discuss lectures, book
Pick up missed handouts

Chapter 1 - 6

COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 8th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).

Optional Material:

Will be announced

Chapter 1 - 7

GRADING
Weekly in-lecture quizzes

10%

To be announced - Held at the end of class

Based on core homework problems

Midterm #1

25%

Midterm #2

25%

Tentatively scheduled for: TBD

Material covered: will be announced
Tentatively scheduled for: TBD
Material covered: will be announced

Final

40%

To be announced when official schedule is set by York U.

Chapter 1 - 8

READING SCHEDULE
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Topic
General Intro; Atomic Bonding
Crystalline Structures; Imperfections
Diffusion; Mechanical Properties
Strengthening Mechanisms; Failure
Phase Diagrams
Phase Transformations
Applications & Processing of Metal Alloys
Struc., Prop., Proc., Applic. of Ceramics
Struc., Prop. of Polymers; Composites
Corrosion; Elec. & Thermal Prop.
Magnetic & Optical Prop.
Econ. & Envir. Issues

Chapter
1,2
3,4
5,6
7,8
9
10
11
12,13
14,15,16
17,18,19
20,21
22

Lectures: will highlight important portions of each chapter.

Chapter 1 - 9

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Materials drive our society

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?

Chapter 1 - 10

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science
Relationships between
the structures and
properties of materials
M. Scientist: Develop or
synthesize new
materials

Materials Engineering
Designing the structure
of a material to produce
a predetermined set of
properties.
M. Eng: create new
products or systems
using existing materials
and/or develop
techniques for
processing materials
Chapter 1 - 11

Materials Science and Engineering

Structure
It relates the
arrangement of
its internal
components

Properties

Processing

Performance

a material trait in
terms of the kind
and magnitude of
response to a
specific imposed
stimulus

Structure of a
material depends
how it is
processed

It is a function of
its properties.

Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical and deterioration

Chapter 1 - 12

Structure, Processing, & Properties

Properties depend on structure

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

Hardness (BHN)

600
500
400

(c)
(a)

(b)
4 m

300
200

30 m

30 m

100
0.01 0.1

30 m

Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)

and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.

1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

Chapter 1 - 13

Why Study Materials?

Chemical

Mechanical

Electrical

Civil

Selecting the right material from the thousands that are available

Strength
Ductility
Deterioration
Economic aspects

Chapter 1 - 14

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 15

Example Hip Implant

With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 16

Example Hip Implant

Requirements
mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
good lubricity
biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 17

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 18

Hip Implant
Key problems to overcome
fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
cup lubrication material
femoral stem fixing agent
(glue)
must avoid any debris in cup

Ball

Acetabular
Cup and Liner

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 19

Types of Materials
Metals: Metallic bonding
Strong, ductile
High thermal & electrical conductivity
Opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding

Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
Thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: Ionic bonding

Brittle, glassy, elastic
Non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 20

Types of Materials (Contd)

Composites:
Composed of Two or More Different Materials
Strong, Light weight, Good resistance to fracture
High stiffness and good deformability
Collection of good Properties of each material used
Ex: Fiberglass and CFRP
Advanced Materials:

Semiconductors
Smart Materials
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials

Chapter 1 - 21

Types of Materials (Contd)

Chapter 1 - 22

Materials Characteristics
Density

Chapter 1 - 23

Materials Characteristics
Stiffness

Chapter 1 - 24

Materials Characteristics
Strength

Chapter 1 - 25

Materials Characteristics
Resistance to Fracture

Chapter 1 - 26

Materials Characteristics
Electrical Conductivity

Chapter 1 - 27

ELECTRICAL
Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6

(10-8 Ohm-m)

Resistivity,

5
4
3
2
1
0

Cu

2
3. 3

i
t %N

Ni
%
t
Ni
16 a
.
%
t
2
a
+
2
1
.
Cu
+1
u
C
d
e
i
rm
o
N
f
e
%
t
d
a
2
1
.
+1
u
C
Cu

e
r
Pu

-200

-100

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd
edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1970.)

T (C)

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 28

THERMAL
-- Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Adapted from chapteropening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)

100 m

Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
-- It decreases when
you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)

Space Shuttle Tiles:

Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
is on CD-ROM.)

400
300
200
100
0

0
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch

8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.)
Chapter 1 - 29

MAGNETIC
Magnetic Storage:

vs. Composition:
-- Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization

-- Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.

Magnetic Permeability

Fe+3%Si
Fe

Magnetic Field
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 30

OPTICAL
Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal

polycrystal:
low porosity

polycrystal:
high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 31

DETERIORATIVE
Stress & Saltwater...

crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

-- causes cracks!

Heat treatment: slows

10-8

10-10

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)

as-is
held at
160C for 1 hr
before testing
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C

increasing load

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Boveri Co.)

-- material:

4 m

7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Chapter 1 - 32
Company.)

SUMMARY
Course Goals:
Use the right material for the job.
Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 33