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Nucleotides
Phospha
te
Stays the
same
Varies
Base
Sugar
Nucleotides
O Made up of:
O A Phosphate Group
O Pentose Sugar
O Nitrogenous Base
O Sugar
O Is a deoxyribose - one less oxygen
(A)
(T)
O Guanine
(G)
O Cytosine
(C)
Sugar
Phosphate
Backbone
Nucleotid
e
Polynucleotide Stands
O Many nucleotide join to form
Polynucleotide strands.
O The nucleotides join between the
phosphate group of one and the
sugar of another
O Creates phosphate-sugar
backboneen
Phosphate
Group
Deoxyribose
sugar
Deoxyribose
sugar
G
Bases
Phospha
te Group
Causes
O All factors stated previously causes DNAs structure.
Hydrogen
bonding
between
the bases,
keeping
the
strands
coiled
together
Polynucleoti
de strand
with sugar
phosphate
backbone
Base
s
nucleus
O It is wound around histone proteins
DNA wound
around
histone
proteins
DNA
Histone
Proteins
A single
Chromosome
Coiled
Chromosome
Circular
Chromosome
Supercoiled
to fit into the
cell
Genes
O Sections of DNA
O Found in chromosomes
O Code for proteins
O Contain instructions to make them
acids
O GTC: Valine
O TCA: Serine
O CCC: Proline
exons)
O Introns are removed during protein
synthesis
O DNA also contains sections of
multiple repeats outside of genes.
O Areas that repeat over and over
O These areas dont code for amino
acids.
Genes and
Development
O All enzymes are proteins- which are
made
O So, genes help determine the
development and nature because
they contain the information
Genes and
Development
DNA sequence determines
amino acid sequence
Proteins and enzymes
formed
Enzymes control metabolic
pathways
Metabolic pathways help
determine nature and
development
Alleles
O A gene can exist in more than one
form
O Order of the bases in each allele is
slightly different
O So they code different versions of the
same characteristic
O Eg. Eye Colour: Blue or brown
Homologous
Chromosome
O Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
O 46 in total
Homologous
Chromosomes
Same size and
same genes
but different
allele
Position
of gene
Allele for
type A
Allele for
type B
Gene Mutations
O Mutations are changes in the base sequence of
an organisms DNA.
O Mutations can produce new alleles of genes
O A gene codes for a specific protein.
O So if a sequence of bases in a gene changes a non
substrate.