TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

International organizations

The international organizations- represents the formal structures in which in the

international institutions conduct their daily activity necessary for the imposion of the
promovated rules.

There are two types of international organizations:

Non governmental organizations

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group

which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven
by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian
functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and
encourage political particpation through provision of information. Some are organized
around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health. They provide
analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and
implement international agreements. Their relationship with offices and agencies of the
United Nations system differs depending on their goals, their venue and the mandate of
a particular institution.

2. Anintergovernmental organization(orinternational governmental

organization;IGO) is anorganizationcomposed primarily ofsovereign
states(referred to as member states or of other intergovernmental
organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are often called
international organizations although that term may also include
international nongovernmental organizationsuch as internationalnon
profit organizations ormultinational corporations.

Exponential increase of the number of international organizations:

- 1909: 37 intergovernmental organizations and 176 non- governmental

organizations

- 1997:their number reached 260 and 5472.

Types of intergovernmental
organizations
The geographical
OBJECTIVES FOLLOWED
nature and objectives of
organization
Globals

MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES

1 OBJECTIVE

United Nation (UN)

World Health
Organization ( WHO)

UN Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization(UNESCO)

UN Children's Fund
(UNICEF)

Medicines Sans
Frontieres

World Trade Organization

( WTO)

Types of intergovernmental
organizations
Regional organizations

Multiple objectives

1 objective

Organization for Security

and Cooperation in
Europe ( OSCE)

Nord Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)

African Union

Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)

Europe Union ( EU)

International

International
Organization of Turkish
Culture (TRKSOY))

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND

COOPERATION IN EUROPE ( OSCE)

OSCE - STRUCTURE
P a r lia m e n ta r y
A s s e m b ly

C h a ir m a n in -O ffic e
and
T r o ik a

O ffic e fo r
D e m o c r a t ic
In s titu tio n s a n d
H u m a n R ig h ts

M in is te r ia l
C o u n c il

S u m m it

O SC E
R e p re s e n ta tiv e o n
F re e d o m o f
th e M e d ia

F o r u m fo r
S e c u r ity
C o -o p e r a tio n

H ig h C o m m is s io n e r
on
N a tio n a l M in o ritie s

Perm anent
C o u n c il

S e n io r
C o u n c il

P e rs o n a l
R e p re s e n ta tiv e s

S e c r e ta r y
G eneral

S e c r e ta r ia t

M i s s io n s in

O th e r p r e s e n c e in

B o sn ia -H e r c e g o v in a

C r o a tia

A lb a n ia

B e la r u s

K o so v o

M o ld o v a

C hechnya

U k r a in e

F R Y u g o sla v ia

G e o r g ia

T a jik ista n

OSCE

Is a regional security organization recognized such as under the Eight Chapter

of United Nation Charter .

It was signed in Helsinki on 31 July 1975 by 35 heads of states .

Nowdays has 55 states members .

The OSCE takes a comprehensive approach to thepolitico-military dimension

of security, which includes a number of commitments by participating States
and mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution. The organization also
seeks to enhance military security by promoting greater openness,
transparency and co-operation.

What does OSCE ?

1. Arms control

The end of the Cold War resulted in a huge amount of surplus weapons
becoming available illegally. The OSCE, through its field operations, helps to
stop the spread of such weapons and offers assistance with their destruction.
The Forum for Security Co-operation, which is the main OSCE body dealing
with politico-military aspects of security, contributes to these efforts by
developing documents regulating transfers of conventional arms and
establishing principles governing non-proliferation.

OSCE's Cold War structure still useful in

Ukraine crisis

OSCE is currently underway on several missions in Ukraine, partly because the organization appears to be
the only group in which all the parties involved in the Ukraine conflict are members and which is also
capable of acting. Russia has dismissed NATO and the European Union as partisan and the UN is practically
blocked by Russia's Security Council veto. In addition, the OSCE still has at its disposal a number of rules
and instruments that date back to the Cold War era but can still prove useful.

Arms control and reciprocal confidence-building measures which were designed to balance the threat on
both sides before the collapse of the Soviet Union are back in demand. Russia is obliged to allow those
reconnaissance flights, and it's consistently backed mutual control, especially in the 1992 Open Skies
Treaty.

Since the start of the crisis in Ukraine, the OSCE has performed a number of smaller monitoring missions
that the public barely noticed, says Wolfgang Richter, a security expert with the Berlin-based German
Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) and former OSCE inspector. "There've already been
several inspections under the Vienna Document," Richter says, adding that Russia has so far agreed to all
of the controls along its borders without protest.

But the number of arms control inspections the OSCE is allowed to conduct is limited. Should the West
continue to demand inspections at the present rate, Richter warns, Russia's quota for 2014 will soon be
exhausted.

2.Border management

The OSCE seeks to enhance border security while facilitating legitimate travel
and commerce, protecting human rights and promoting human contacts. The
OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, trains border
officers from OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation,
including Afghanistan, and promotes cross-border co-operation in the Central
Asian region.

3 .Combating human trafficking

Human trafficking affects virtually all OSCE states, either as countries of

origin or destination. This modern form of slavery is an affront to human
dignity, often involving psychological terror and physical violence. Human
trafficking engages issues of human rights and rule of law, of law enforcement
and crime control, of inequality and discrimination, of corruption, economic
deprivation and migration.

4.Democratization

The OSCE helps its participating States build democratic institutions; hold
free, fair and transparent elections; promote gender equality; ensure respect
for human rights, media freedom, minority rights and the rule of law; and
promote tolerance and non-discrimination.

5. Economical activities

The OSCE focuses on security-related economic issues and fosters

international economic co-operation. It assists participating States in
strengthening their business and investment climate, streamlining regulatory
frameworks, countering corruption, money laundering and terrorism
financing. It also actively promotes effective labour migration management,
women entrepreneurship, integrated international transport networks as well
as harmonized border crossing procedures encouraging the establishment of
public-private partnerships.

6.Combating terrorism

With its expertise in conflict prevention, crisis management and early

warning, the OSCE contributes to world-wide efforts in combating terrorism.
Many effective counter-terrorism measures fall into other areas in which the
OSCE is active, such as police training and border monitoring. The OSCE also
looks at human rights issues in relation to counter-terrorism.

Members and partner states of OSCE

OSCE analyses

Strenghts

Includes all European countries

High legitimacy

Prevents the conflicts by :

A) mediation
B) promotes the humans rights
C) promovation of democracy

Limitations

The state membres dont get involved so much .

The general profil is low

Has too few resources

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

( NATO)

What is NATO ?

Founded in 1949 in the aftermath of World War Two "to keep the Russians out, the
Americans in, and the Germans down", the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
(Nato) is a military alliance, backed by the nuclear weapons of the United States,
France and the United Kingdom.

There are currently 28 member states plus three in the process of joining: Bosnia
and Herzegovina; Montenegro and Macedonia.

For much of its history Nato was involved in the Cold War, a prolonged period of
tension with the eight communist states of the Warsaw Pact including the Soviet
Union, Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

Its primary purpose was to defend member nations against the large number of
troops in pro-communist countries. The U.S. also wanted to maintain a presence
in Europe, to prevent a resurgence of military nationalism and foster political
union. In this way, NATO made the European Union possible.

NAT
O
EXP
ANS
ION

What Is the Purpose of NATO Today?

What Is the Purpose of NATO Today?:

NATOs essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its

members through political and military means.

POLITICAL- NATO promotes democratic values and encouragesconsultation

and cooperation on defence and security issues to build trust and, in the
long run, prevent conflict.

MILITARY- NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If

diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capacity needed to undertake
crisis-managementoperations. These are carried out under
Article 5 of the Washington Treaty- NATOs founding treaty - or under a UN
mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international
organizations.

What is article 5 ?

On 12 September, NATO decided that, if it is determined that the attack

against the United States was directed from abroad, it shall be regarded as an
action covered by Article 5 of theWashington Treaty.

This is the first time in the Alliance's history that Article 5 has been invoked.

Article 5 is at the basis of a fundamental principle of the North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation. It provides that if a NATO Ally is the victim of an armed attack,
each and every other member of the Alliance will consider this act of violence
as an armed attack against all members and will take the actions it deems
necessary to assist the Ally attacked.

This is the principle of collective defence.

What is peacekeeping ?

Peacekeeping is a technique which has been developed, mainly by the United

Nations to help control and and resolve armed conflicts.

The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was the first
United Nations peacekeeping operation. It consisted of unarmed military
operation who were sent to Palestine in June 1948 to supervise a truce
negociated by Count Bernadotte in the first war between Israel and its Arabs
neighbours.

The Golden Age of peacekeeping operations was from 1956 to 1974 . Those 18
years gave birth to 10 of 13 peacekeeping operations established before the
revival of demand for peacekeeping in the late 1980s.

The established principles of

peacekeeping summary

1)First peacekeeping operations were United Nations operations.Their United

Nationsness derived from various facts: they were established by one of the
legislative organs of United Nations and they were under the control of Secretary
General, who acted with authority delegated to him by the Security Council .

2) Peacekeeping operations could be set only with the consent of the parties to the
conflict in question.

3)The peacekeeps must be impartial between the parties.

4) National armies and police forces could be the only source for the uniformed
personnel to the United States required.

5)Use of force.More than half of peacekeeping operations before 1988 had consisted
only of unarmed military observaters.But when the operations were armed, it had
become an established principle that they should use force only to minimum extent
necessary and that normally fire should be use only in self defence.

NATO's Relationships with Other Non-Members

Only three of the twenty-three members of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership

Council are being admitted to NATO. The security concerns of the great
majority of the new Eurasian states will need to be addressed outside the
context of membership. But the United States and NATO will play a crucial
role.

As with Russia, military-to-military cooperation is a central mechanism by

which stability can be extended eastward to states and regions not
designated to join NATO. NATO's principal mechanism for military-to-military
cooperation is the Partnership for Peace, which should receive attention
comparable to that devoted to enlargement.

NATO's Lack Of Any Serious Purpose Means It

ShouldRetire

European countries want to be military powers, but increasingly are failing to

maintain capable forces. America always has been the dominant power in
NATO. The U.S. may soon be the only effective power in the alliance. NATO
should retire.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created more than six decades ago.
Having fought to free Western Europe from Nazi domination, Washington was
determined to keep Western Europe free from Soviet domination. Yet a Soviet
invasion quickly became unlikely, if for no other reason than the potential of
escalation to nuclear war.

After the collapse of the U.S.S.R. the transatlantic alliance became irrelevant.
Its purpose, famously explained Lord Hastings Ismay, was to keep the Russians
out, the Americans in, and the Germans down. All of these objectives had
been met.

Today the Soviet Union is gone. Russia may be hostile, but it lacks both the
will and ability to threaten Europe. At most Moscow can beat up on weak
neighbors like Georgia.

Germany remains down militarily, skeptical of international involvement.

Ironically, most of Europe wants Berlin to do more. Economically the federal
republic is way upunderwriting the entire European Union.

The U.S. is in. America and Europe share history, tradition, and values.
Economic ties may grow through a transatlantic free trade agreement.
Military links are secondary.

Germany helped trigger the Balkan wars with its speedy recognition of the
seceding Yugoslavian territories without any protection for Serbian minorities.
While the initial attack on Afghanistan to displace al-Qaeda and oust the
Taliban properly responded to 9/11, the years of combat that followed (and
which continue) did not. Britain and France pressed for war in Libya even
though they were incapable of prosecuting it alone. Mali belongs to Paris,
though as yet the rest of the alliance has stayed out of combat there.

These unnecessary wars have kept the alliance busy, but they also have
accelerated its decline. They demonstrate that NATO is irrelevant to its
members security. Many Europeans no longer even see any obvious need for
national militaries.

References

!. The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping by Marrack Gouldings /p.253

2.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougbandow/2013/04/22/natos-lack-of-any-seri
ous-purpose-means-it-should-retire
/

3. Russia, The OSCE and the European security Fraser Cameron, Dov Lynch,
Mark Entin, Andrei Zagorski, Vladimir D Shkolnikov, Pl Dunay, Andrei Fedarau,
Vlad Lupan, Olena Prystayko, Olexandr Sushko.