Electron Configuration for

Transition Elements in Period 4

Gesti Haeriah (1203106) | Herizal Ramadhan (1206083) | Zarah Rizki Syahadatin (1205068)

Kompetensi Inti
KI 1 : Menghayati dan mengamalkan ajaran agama yang dianutnya.
KI 2 : Menghayati dan mengamalkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, tanggungjawab,
peduli (gotong royong, kerjasama, toleran, damai), santun,responsif dan
pro-aktif dan menunjukkan sikap sebagai bagian dari solusi atas berbagai
permasalahan dalam berinteraksi secara efektif dengan lingkungan sosial
dan alam serta dalam menempatkan diri sebagai cerminan bangsa dalam
pergaulan dunia.
KI 3 : Memahami, menerapkan, menganalisis dan mengevaluasi
pengetahuan faktual, konseptual, prosedural, dan metakognitif berdasarkan
rasa ingin tahunya tentang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, seni, budaya, dan
humaniora dengan wawasan kemanusiaan, kebangsaan,kenegaraan, dan
peradaban terkait penyebab fenomena dan kejadian, serta menerapkan
pengetahuan prosedural pada bidang kajian yang spesifik sesuai dengan
bakat dan minatnya untuk memecahkan masalah.
KI 4 : Mengolah, menalar, menyaji, dan mencipta dalam ranah konkret dan
ranah abstrak terkait dengan pengembangan dari yang dipelajarinya di
sekolah secara mandiri serta bertindak secara efektif dan kreatif, dan
mampu menggunakan metoda sesuai kaidah keilmuan.

 Kompetensi Dasar
1.1 Menyadari adanya keteraturan dalam sifat koligatif larutan,
reaksi redoks, keragaman sifat unsur, senyawa makromolekul
sebagai wujud kebesaran Tuhan YME dan pengetahuan tentang
adanya keteraturan tersebut sebagai hasil pemikiran kreatif
manusia yang kebenarannya bersifat tentatif.
1.2 Mensyukuri kelimpahan unsur golongan utama dan golongan
transisi di alam Indonesia sebagai bahan tambang merupakan
anugerah Tuhan YME yang digunakan untuk kemakmuran rakyat
Indonesia.
2.1 Menunjukkan perilaku ilmiah (memiliki rasa ingin tahu,
disiplin, jujur, objektif, terbuka, mampu membedakan fakta dan
opini, ulet, teliti, bertanggung jawab, kritis, kreatif, inovatif,
demokratis, komunikatif) dalam merancang dan melakukan
percobaan serta berdiskusi yang diwujudkan dalam sikap seharihari.

3.6 Menganalisis kelimpahan, kecenderungan sifat

fisik dan sifat kimia, manfaat, dampak, proses
pembuatan unsur-unsur golongan utama (gas
mulia, halogen, alkali dan alkali tanah, periode 3)
serta unsur golongan transisi (periode 4) dan
senyawanyadalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
4.6 Menalar dan menganalisis kelimpahan,
kecenderungan sifat fisik dan sifat kimia, manfaat,
dampak, proses pembuatan unsur-unsur golongan
utama (gas mulia, halogen, alkali dan alkali tanah,
periode 3) serta unsur golongan transisi (periode
4) dan senyawanya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Materi Prasyarat
1.
2.
3.
4.

Konfigurasi elektron
Perubahan fisis dan perubahan kimia
Rumus kimia dan Persamaan reaksi
Reaksi Redoks

Pertanyaan Pra-Pembelajaran

Manakah unsur-unsur yang termasuk golongan transisi?

Apakah manfaat dari unsur-unsur periode 4?
Bagaimana sifat fisik unsur-unsur periode 4?
Apakah dalam tubuh kita terdapat unsur-unsur transisi?
Bagaimana memperoleh unsur-unsur periode 4?

Transition Elements

The elementislocated
between
groupIIAandIIIA

It is called group B
elementsordblockelements

Why transition
elements is called a
transition?

Element

Properties
Atomic
number

Physical Properties of Transition

Elements
in Period 4
Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Electron
configuration

[Ar]
3d14s2

[Ar]
3d24s2

[Ar]
3d34s2

[Ar]
3d54s1

[Ar]
3d54s2

[Ar]
3d64s2

[Ar]
3d74s2

[Ar]
3d84s2

[Ar]
3d104s1

[Ar]
3d104s2

Atomic
radius ()

1,61

1,45

1,31

1,25

1,37

1,24

1,25

1,25

1,28

1,34

Boiling point
(0C)

2831

3287

3380

2672

1962

2750

2870

2732

2567

907

Melting point
(0C)

1541

1660

1890

1857

1244

1535

1495

1453

1083

420

IE1(Kj/mol)

631

658

650

653

717

759

758

737

745

906

Physical Properties of Transition

Elements
in Period 4 (Advanced)
Element

Properties
Electronegati
vity
Density
(g/cm3)

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

2,985

4,507

6,11

7,14

7,47

7,874

8,9

8,908

8,92

7,14

0,14

5,6

Parama
gnetic

Ferrom
agnetic

Ferroma
gnetic

Ferrom
agnetic

Diamagn
etic

Diamagn
etic

Abundance
Hardness
Magnetic

Paramag
netic

Paramag
netic

Parama
gnetic

Antife
rromag
netic

O2

Sc

Ti

4 Sc(s)
+O2(g)
Sc2O3 (s)

Ti(s)
+O2(g
)
TiO2

4V(s)
+
5O2(g)

2V2O

(S)

Cr

5 (s)

H2O

2Sc(s)
+6H2O(aq)
2Sc3+(aq)
+ 6OH- (aq)
+ 3H2(g)

Ti(s)
+2H2
O(aq)
TiO

2Sc(s) +
3F2 (g)

Ti(s)
+

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

4Mn(s
)+
2O2(g)

2Mn2
O4 (s)

4Fe(s)
+
3O2(g)

2Fe2
O3(s)

2Co(s)
+
O2(g)

2Co
O(s)

2Ni(s)
+
O2(g)

2NiO(
s)

4Cu(s) 2Zn(s) +
+
O2(g)
O2(g)
2ZnO(s)

2Cu2
O(s)

Ni(s)
+

Cu(s)
+

Zn(s) +
Br2(g)

2 (s)

+
2H2(g)
2V(s)
2Cr(s) 2Mn(s 2Fe(s) Co(s)
+ 5F2 + 3F2 ) +
+
+

Sc
Earth
s
crust(
%)

Ti

0.0026 0,6
69

Cr

Mn

Fe
0,01 0,01 0,11 6,3
9
4

Co
0,00
3

Ni

Cu

Zn

0.00 0.00 0.0078

8
6

Physical Properties of Transition

Elements
in Period 4 (Atomic Radius)

Chemical Properties of Transition

Elements in Period 4
1. Oxidation State
Except Sc and Zn, transition elements
in

period 4 have several oxidation

numbers. Because its easily to release

valence electrons

In period 4, not only the valence

electrons in the subshell 4s that can be
released, but also electrons in the 3d
subshell

Chemical Properties of Transition

Elements in Period 4
2. The color of transition ion
Generally, the transition element
ions form colored compounds. Ion
with different oxidation number
level has different color.

Transition Elements in Period 4

1. Scandium (Sc)

Thortveitile

Wiikite

Tin

Tungsten

1. Scandium (Sc)

Leak Detector

Mercury vapour lamp

1. Scandium (Sc)
How To Get Scandium?

Pure
scandium
metal
can
be
made
by
reacting
scandiumfluoride(ScF3) with another active metal, such
ascalciumorzinc
Precipitation and co-precipitation are conventional methods to
separate scandium
Solvent extraction (SX) and related technologies such as ion
exchange (IX) and liquid membrane extraction (LME) are
generally used for the separation and purification of scandium
from various aqueous solutions.

Transition Elements in Period 4

2. Titanium

Ilmenite

Rutile

Titanite

2. Titanium

TiO2

Jewelry

2. Titanium
How to get Titanium?

Changing ore rutile or ilmenite contain TiO2 into TiCl4

TiCl4 is reduced by Mg at a high temperature

TiO2(s) + C(s) + 2 Cl2(g) TiCl4(g) + CO2(g)

TiCl2(s) + 2Mg(s)

Ti(s) + 2MgCl2(g)

Transition Elements in Period 4

3. Vanadium

Patronite

Vanadinite

Carnotite

3. Vanadium

Jet Engines

Tools

Springs

3. Vanadium
How to get Titanium?
Metallic vanadium with 99% in purity was firstly produced by
calciothermic reducation by Marden and Rich. They reacted the mixture
of V2O5, Ca and CaCl2 at 1173-1223 K as,
V2O5 + 5 Ca + 5 CaCl2 2 V + 5 CaO.CaCl2
CaCl2 was reported as a kind of the flux that does not concern directly
with the reaction. McKechnie and Seybolt proposed another reaction
with a small amount of I2,
V2O5 + 5 Ca 2 V + 5 CaO

Transition Elements in Period 4

4. chromium

Chromite

4. chromium

Emeralds
Tools

Rubies

4. chromium
How to get Chromium?

Iron must be separated from the chromium in a two process: roasting and leaching.
Chromite ore is heated with a mixture of sodium carbonate and air (O2).
The next leaching at higher temperatures to dissolve chromate and leave the iron
oxide. chromate is converted by sulfuric acid to dichromate.

Dichromate is converted into chromium (III) oxide by reduction with carbon and
then reduced in aluminothermic reaction to chromium.

Transition Elements in Period 4

4. manganese

Pyrolusite

Psilomelane

Rhodochrosite

4. manganese

Steel

Batteries

Axles

4. manganese
How to get Manganese?
Manganese metal obtained by :
Reducing the manganese dioxide with sodium, magnesium,
aluminum or by electrolysis.

Process aluminothermy of compound MnO2,

The equation:
3MnO2 (s) Mn3O4 (s) + O2 (g)
3Mn3O4 (s) + 8Al (s) 9Mn (s) + 4Al2O3 (s)

Transition Elements in Period 4

6. iron

Hematite

Magnetite

Siderite

6. iron

Uses of Iron in daily life

6. iron
How to get Iron?
Iron metal obtined by: Reduction of iron
oxide, Fe2O3, with CO in high temperature.
Raw material: Iron ore, limestone, air

The process:

Blast Furnace

1. Roasting
hematite washed with water after a dry
baked carbonate is added
2. Disbursement
Iron ore roasting results mixed with
limestone and coke and fed into a blast
furnace

Transition Elements in Period 4

7. cobalt

Cobaltine

Linneite

7. cobalt
How to get Cobalt?

These include the sulphides and arsenides linnaeite, Co3S4, cobaltite, CoAsS, and
smaltite, CoAs2.

Normally the ore is "roasted" to form a mixture of metals and metal oxides.
Treatment with sulphuric acid leaves metallic copper as a residue and disolves out
iron, cobalt, and nickel as the sulphates. Iron is obtained by precipitation with
lime (CaO) while cobalt is produced as the hydroxide by precipitation with sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCl)
2Co2+(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + 4OH-(aq) + H2O 2Co(OH)3(s) + NaCl(aq)

The trihydroxide Co(OH)3is heated to form the oxide and then reduced with
carbon (as charcoal) to form cobalt metal.
2Co(OH)3(heat) Co2O3+ 3H2O
2Co O + 3C Co + 3CO

Transition Elements in Period 4

8. nickel

Pentlandite

8. nickel
How to get Nickel?

Small amounts of pure nickel can be islated in the laborotory through the
purification of crude nickel with carbon monoxide. The intermediate in this
process is the highly toxic nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. The carbonyl
decomposes on heating to about 250C to form pure nickel powder.
Ni + 4CO (50C) Ni(CO)4(230C) Ni + 4CO
The Ni(CO)4is a volatile complex which is easily flushed from the reaction
vessel as a gas leaving the impurities behind. Industrially, the Mond process
uses the same chemistry. Nickel oxides are reacted with "water gas", a mixture
of CO + H2). Reduction of the oxide with the hydrogen results in impure nickel.
This reacts with the CO component of the water gas to make Ni(CO) 4as above.
Thermal decomposition leaves pure nickel metal.

Transition Elements in Period 4

9. copper

Chalcopyrite

9. copper
How to get Copper?
Most copper production is based upon sulphide ores containing little copper
but quite a lot of iron. New cleaner technologies are now important but
older processes present major environmental problems. Complex
procedures are used initially to form a form of copper sulphide appropriate
for final reduction via a copper(I) oxide. The resulting crude copper is
purified using an electrolytic procedure involving plating onto pure copper
cathodes.
2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2
Notably, the purification step leaves an "anode slime" which contains
useful amounts of silver and GOLD.

Transition Elements in Period 4

10. zinc

Sphalerite

10. zinc
How to get Zinc?

Most zinc production is based upon sulphide ores. These are roasted in industrial plants to
form zinc oxide, ZnO. This may be reduced with carbon to form zinc metal, but in practice
ingenious technology is required to ensure that the resulting zinc does not contain oxide
impurities.
ZnO + C Zn + CO
ZnO + CO Zn + CO2
CO2+ C 2CO
The other type of extraction is electrolytic. Dissolution of crude zinc oxide, ZnO, in
sulphuric acid gives zinc sulphate, ZnSO4in solution. Cadmium is an impurity and this is
removed as a precipitate of cadmium sulphate by the addition of zinc dust. Electrolysis of
the ZnSO4solution using aluminium cathodes and lead alloyed with silver anodes gives pure
zinc metal coated on the aluminium. Oxygen gas is liberated at the anode.
Very pure zinc may be formed from crude zinc by zone refining and single crystals can be
grown with purities of better than 99.9999%.

SENYAWA KOMPLEKS
(SENYAWA KOORDINASI)
Beberapa definisi
Senyawa koordinasi adalah suatu senyawa netral yang
mengandung satu atau lebih ion kompleks.
Ion kompleks adalah ion yang terdiri atas satu ion pusat (kation
logam) yang terikat dengan satu atau lebih molekul atau ion.
Ligan adalah molekul atau ion yang mengikat ion pusat itu.

Coordination Compound
Consist of a complex ion and necessary counter ions
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
Complex ion: [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+
Co3+ + 5 NH3 + Cl= 1(3+) + 5 (0)
= 2+
Counter ions: 2 Cl-

+ 1(1-)

Complex Ion
Species where transition metal ion is surrounded by a
certain number of ligands.
Transition metal ion: Lewis acid
Ligands: Lewis bases
Co(NH3)63+
Pt(NH3)3Br+

Ligands
Molecule or ion having a lone electron pair that can be
used to form a bond to a metal ion
(Lewis base).
coordinate covalent bond: metal-ligand bond
monodentate: one bond to metal ion
bidentate:
two bond to metal ion
polydentate:
more than two bonds to a metal
ion possible

Formulas of Coordination Compounds

1. Cation then anion
2. Total charges must balance to zero
3. Complex ion in brackets
K2[Co(NH3)2Cl4]
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl

Names of Coordination Compounds

1.Cation then anion
2.Ligands
in alphabetical order before metal ion
neutral: molecule name*
anionic: -ide -o
prefix indicates number of each

3.Oxidation state of metal ion in () only if more than one

possible
4.If complex ion = anion, metal ending -ate

Examples
K2[Co(NH3)2Cl4]
potassium diamminetetrachlorocobaltate(II)
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III) chloride

Coordination Compound in Daily Life

In Nature
Naturally occurring coordination compounds are vital to
living organisms. Metal complexes play a variety of
important roles in biological systems. Manyenzymes, the
naturally occurring catalysts that regulate biological
processes, are metal complexes.
Example
carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important
indigestion, contains azincioncoordinated to severalamino
acidresidues of theprotein.

Diskusi
Siswa lebih disuruh untuk mencari
tahu, apakah bisa menggunakan
model induktif? (Wini)
Dampak yang terjadi pada periode 4
Kesulitan yang paling penting yang
harus ditekankan oleh guru? (Annisa)