CHAPTER 4 : MATERIAL TESTING

INTRODUCTION
Many parts are formed into various shape by
applying external forces to the workpiece.
Material Testing is a test done to determine the
properties of a substance in comparison with a
standard or specification.

PURPOSE
To determine quality of material
To determine mechanical properties such as
strength, hardness, ductility, toughness, etc.
To trace defects/ flaws in the materials.
To evaluate materials potential in certain use.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STRENGTH

PLASTICITY

HARDNESS

ELASTICITY

DUCTILITY

TOUGHNESS

BRITTLENESS

DEFINITION
Ductility
Plasticity
Toughness

The strength of the material and of its

resistance to scratching and to wear.
The ability of a material to have plastic
deformation after applying a tensile load
before fracture.
Tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon
the application of force, impact, or shock.

Brittleness

The ability of a material to return to its

original shape after load is removed.

Hardness

The ability of a material to withstand tensile

force without fractured.

Strength

The ability of a material to withstand impact

force without fractured.

Elasticity

The ability of a material to deformed

permanently and will not return to its original
shape after the load is removed.

DESTRUCTIVE TEST

DEFINITION
Tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in
order to understand a specimen's structural
performance or material behaviour under
different loads.

TYPES OF DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Destructive Test

Hardness Test

Brinell Test

Vickers Test

Toughness Test

Brinell Test

Charpy Test
Shore Test

Izod Test

BRINELL TEST
Test procedure : Giving a force to a steel ball
against a test surface.

 Principe to measure hardness by Brinell test;

i) Thickness of the specimen should be at least 7
times the depth of penetration of the indenter.
ii) The location of penetration of the indenter
should be at least 3 diameters of the indenter
from the edge of the specimen.
iii) The test should not exceed 500HB due to the
indenter can undergoes elastic deformation.

D = steel ball diameter

(mm)
d = indent diameter (mm)
P/F = force (kg)

VICKERS TEST
Test procedure : Indenting the test surface with
a pyramid diamond indenter.

d2

d1

d = d1 + d2
2

HV = 1.8544 F
d2

ROCKWELL TEST
Test procedure : Press indenter onto the
material surface, first with a minor load and then
with major load.
i) A minor load is applied and a zero reference
position is established
ii) The major load is applied for a specified time
period.
iii) The major load is released leaving the minor
load applied.

E = a constant depending
on form of indenter
e = increase in depth of
penetration (mm)

HR = ( E e )

SHORE TEST
Test procedure : Drop a diamond tipped
hammer onto the specimen from a certain
height.
The hardness is related to the rebound of the
indenter ( the higher the rebound, the harder the
material).