MitosisandtheCellCycle

Mitosis
Mitosisisthedividingofthecellafter
NuclearReplication.

TheBodyisComposedof2
TypesofCells

GermCells
GermCellsarethesexcells.
Theyarespecializedandcapableofgoing
undermeiosis.
Theyarefoundonlyinthegonads.
Resultsinhalfofthenumberoforiginal
chromosomesineachnewcell.

SomaticCells
Thesearethebodycells
Theycomposetissuesandorgansandother
partsofthebody.

TheCellCycle
TheCellCycleconsistsof4phases.Italso
includesinterphase.
The4phasesareprophase,metaphase,
anaphaseandtelophase.

Interphase
Cellwillspendalmost
90%ofittimeinthe
normalcellularcyclein
interphase.
Lateininterphasethe
nucleusiswelldefined
andcontainsoneormore
nucleoli.
Chromosomescannotbe
distinguishedalthough
theyhavebeenreplicated.

Prophase
Inthenucleusthe
chromatinfibersbecome
moretightlycoiled.
Thenucleolidisappear
MitoticSpindlebeginsto
form.
Spindlefibersappear
betweenthecentrioles

Prophase(cont)
Thecentriolessplitandthenmoveto
differentsidesofthenucleus.

Prometaphase
Thenuclearmembrane
dissolves.
Proteinsattachtothe
centromerescreating
kinetochores.
Thechromosomes
beginmoving.

Metaphase
SpindleFibersalign
thechromosomes
alongthemiddleof
thecellsnucleus.
Thelineiscalledthe
metaphaseplate.

Anaphase
Thepaired
chromosomesseparate
atthekinetochoresand
movetooppositeside
ofthecell.
EachChromatidis
nowconsidereda
chromosome.

Anaphase(cont)
Thecellbecomeslongerbecausethepoles
movefartherapartlengtheningthe
microtubules.
IntheendofAnaphase,bothpoleshavethe
exactsameandfullcollectionof
chromosomes.

Telophase
Thespindlesfibers
disappear.
Chromosomes
disperse.
CytokenesisBeginsin
thisstage.

Cytokinesis
Incytokinesisthecell
splitsandtwo
daughtercells
reamain,toregrow
andthenreproduce
morecells.
Itpinchesoffthe
cytoplasmofthe
originalcelland
createstwonewcells.

G1Phase
TheG1stageisforgrowthandpreparation
ofthechromosomesforreplication.

SPhase
Cellgrowthhappensinthisphase.
Chromosomesareduplicatedonlyduring
thisstage.

G2Phase
Cellisstillgrowingandinthisphase,it
completesthepreparationsforcelldivision.

MorMitoticPhase
Thisiswherethecellactuallyundergoes
mitosis.
Thisphasealsoincludescytokinesis.

G0Phase
Thisisastagewherethecellisnotableto
replicateitself.
ManyofthehumanbodyscellsareinG0
likespecializedmusclecells,whichdonot
replicatethemselves.

Vocab
Akinetochoreisaspecializedregiononthe
centromerethatlinkseachsisterchromatid
tothethemitoticspindle.

Vocab
Aster=Microtubulesthatextendfromthe
centrosomesinradialarrays.
Furrowing(cytokinesis)=Indentionofthe
cytoplasmuntiltheseperationoftheduaghter
cellsiscomplete.
Tetraploid=anorganismthathasfourpairof
homologouschromosomes.Thisismostlyfound
inplants

Vocab(cont)
Chromatin=Amassofgeneticmaterial
composedofDNAandproteinsthat
condensetoformchromosomesin
eukaryoticcelldivision.
Locatedinthecellsnucleus.
Chromosome=Condensedversionofa
chromatininadividingcell.

Vocab(cont)
Diploid=Totalnumberofchromosomesin
thecellsnucleus
Haploid=Totalnumberofeachkindof
chromosomes.Thisequalshalfthenumber
ofdiploidcells.

Vocab(cont)
Centromere=Theproteinstructurethatconnects
thetwoindenticalhalvesofthechromosome.
DifferentChromosomes
Humanshave22autosomeswhichareresponsible
forproteinsynthesis.
Sexchromosomesarethechromosomesthat
determinethesexoftheindividual.

Vocab(cont)
HomologousPairs
Thesearechromosomesthatarepaired.
Theyhavethesamefunctionand
responsibilitiesastheotheritispairedwith.
Theyareusuallythesamesize