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Inorganic Chemistry
Contents
Thermodynamics
Periodicity
Redox Equilibria
Transition Metals
Reactions of Inorganic Compounds in
Aqueous Solution
Thermodynamics
Enthalpy Change
Free Energy and Entropy Change
Enthalpy of formation
is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of compound in its standard
state if formed from its element in their standard states under standard
conditions.
Ionisation enthalpy
of an element is the enthalpy change that accompanies the removal of 1 electron
in each atom of one mole of gaseous atoms
Enthalpy of atomisation
of an element is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of gaseous atoms
are formed from the element in its standard state.
the enthalpy required to break and separate one mole of bond so that the
gaseous atoms exert no force on each other.
Electron affinity
of an element is the enthalpy change that accompanies the addition of one
electron to each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms.
Lattice enthalpy
of an ionic compound is the enthalpy change which accompanies the formation
of one mole of ionic compound from its constituent gaseous ions.
You will need to be able to use the quantities in energy cycle calculations,
by applying Hesss Law. Remember it doesnt matter which route a chemical
change takes the net energy change stays the same.
Periodicity
All trends listed here are for progression from left to right
of the periodic table.
Reactions with water Na and Mg
Reactivity decreases
Periodicity
Period 3 chlorides
The amount of chlorine atoms per mole of the
elements increases across the period.
Sodium and magnesium chloride are ionic where as
aluminium chloride is covalent as are the chlorides of
the other elements.
The boiling points decrease as the compounds
progress from giant ionic in structure to simple
molecular.
Ionic chlorides form neutral solution form neutral
solutions in water. Covalent chlorides are hydrolysed
by water and form acidic solutions.
Redox Equilibria
Oxidation and reduction are electron transfer reactions,
Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of
electrons
Transition Metals
Transition metal characteristics arise from
an incomplete d sub-level.
These characteristics include complex
formation, high density, high melting
points, formation of coloured ions, variable
oxidation state and catalytic activity.
Shapes of Molecules
Six coordinate complexes form octahedral
shapes.
Substitution Reactions
The ligands NH3 and H2O are similar in size and are uncharged,
therefore ligand exchange between these two ligands occurs
without change of co-ordination number.
The Cl ligand is larger than these uncharged ligands and that
ligand exchange can involve a change of co-ordination number.
Substitution of unidentate ligands (ligands which forms one bond
with the central metal) with a bidentate or a multidentate ligand
leads to a more stable complex.
This is because there will be more ions in solution therefore higher
entropy.
[M(U)6]2+ + 3B [M(U)3]2+ + 6B
4 ions in solution
7 ions in solution
less entropy
more entropy
Summary
Thermodynamics
Standard enthalpy changes can be used to calculate energy changes in
unknown reactions
Periodicity
The trends in period three reactions can be explained in terms of the
structure and bonding of their compounds
Redox Equilibria
When looking at redox reactions it is sometimes useful to write half
equations.
Transition Metals
The chemistry and properties of transition metals can be explained by
their partially filled d-orbitals.