Basic Physics

Introduction
1. What is Physics?
2. Give a few relations between physics
and daily living experience
3. Review of measurement and units SI,
METRIC, ENGLISH

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Scalar is a quantity which only signifies its
magnitude without its direction. (+ / - )
Ex. 1kg of apple, 273 degrees
centigrade, etc.
Vector is a quantity with magnitude and
direction. (+ / - )
Ex. Velocity of a moving object a car
with a velocity of 100 km/hr due to North
West, etc.

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Writing conformity

F
F

Bold font

Normal Font with an arrow

head on top of it (Use this)

Italic font signifying its magnitude

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Defining a Vector by:
1. Cartesian Vector
Ex. F = 59i + 59j + 29k

the magnitude is F = (592 + 592 + 292)

F = 88.33 N
Due to which is the vector ??

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Z(k)

= 59i + 59j + 29k

O
Y(j)
X (i)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Defining a Vector by:
2. Unit Vector
Ex. F = F u (use the previous example)
u =

F
F

F for magnitude (F2 = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2)

u for direction (dimensionless and unity)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Magnitude

F = (592 + 592 + 292)

F = 88.33 N

Direction

u =

59i + 59j + 29k

88.33

u = 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k

= cos-1 0.67 = 47.9 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0.67 = 47.9 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.33 = 70.7 0 (angle from z-axis)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Z (k)

F = 88.33 N

U = 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k

= 47.9 0

= 47.9 0

= 70.7 0
X (i)

Y (j)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Defining a Vector by:
3. Position Vector
Similar to unit vector, it differs on how to
locate the vectors direction which is
using the point coordinate.
Ex. F = F u (see next example)

u=

r
r

(position vector)
(position vector magnitude)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Z (k)

Given:

F = 150 N

a. F ?
b. , , ?

Y (j)

4m
X (i)

6m

2m

Required:

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution:
F=F u

u =
=

r
r

2i + 4j + 6k
7.48

u = 0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution:
a. F = F u
= 150 (0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k)
F = 40.5i + 79.5j + 120k
b.

= cos-1 0.27 = 74.3 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0.53 = 58.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.80 = 36.9 0 (angle from z-axis)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Operations of Vector
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Dot Product
4. Cross Product

VECTOR AND SCALAR

1. Addition
F2

R
O

F1
R = F1 + F2

= Tan

-1

Ry
Rx

R = (F1x + F2x) i + (F1y + F2y) j + (F1z+F2z) k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

1. Addition
F2

R
O

Resultant is directed
from initial tail towards
final arrow head

F1
R = F1 + F2

= Tan

-1

Ry
Rx

R = (F1x + F2x) i + (F1y + F2y) j + (F1z+F2z) k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

2. Subtraction
O

F1

R = F1 - F2

F2

= Tan

-1

Ry
Rx

R = (F1x - F2x) i + (F1y - F2y) j + (F1z - F2z) k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

2. Subtraction
O

F1

R = F1 - F2

= Tan

-1

F2

Ry
Rx

Take note and watch

out !!!
(the sense is
opposite to the given
diagram)

R = (F1x - F2x) i + (F1y - F2y) j + (F1z - F2z) k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

3. Dot Product
Z (k)

X (i)

F
d
Y (j)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Vector

(General Formula)

A . B = AB cos

Magnitude

The angle between

vectors (between their
tails)

Cartesian Unit vector dot product

i.i=1

j.j=1

k.k=1

i.j=0

i.k=0

k.j=0

VECTOR AND SCALAR

From Example:

F.d

= Fd cos

(Using Vectors magnitude)

= (Fxi + Fyj + Fzk) . (dxi + dyj + dzk)

= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz

(Using Component Vector)

The dot product of two vectors is called scalar product

since the result is a scalar and not a vector

VECTOR AND SCALAR

The dot product is used to determine:
1. The angle between the tails of the vectors.
= cos
2.

-1

A.B
AB

The projected component of a vector V onto an axis

defined by its unit vector u

m
o
c
l
e
W g le
n
Ju

to

e
h
t

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Example:

Given : Figure 1

Z (k)

Required:
A

Y (j)

2. FBA (Magnitude)

X (i)

Fig.1

F = 100
N

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution :
1. Angle
Find position vectors from B to A and B to C
rBA

= -200i 200j + 100k

r BC

= -0i 300j + 100k

= 300j + 100k

rBA . rBC
0 + 60000 + 10000
70000
cos = r r
=
=
= 0.738
BA BC
(300)(316.23)
94869
= Cos -1 0.738 = 42.45 o

(answer)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution :
2. FBA
rBA
uBA = r
BA
rBC
uBC = r
BC

-200i 200j + 100k

=
= -0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k
300
-0i 300j + 100k
=
= 0.949j + 0.316k
316.2

FBC = FBC . uBC = 100 . ( 0.949j + 0.316k) = -94.9j + 31.6k

FBA = FBC . uBA = (-94.9i + 31.6j) . (-0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k)
= 63.3 + 10.5 = 73.8 N

(answer)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution :
Alternative Solution
FBA = (100 N) (cos 42.45o)
= 73.79 N
FBA = FBA uBA

= 73.79 (-0.667i - 0.667j + 0.33k)

= -49.2i 49.2j + 24.35k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

4. Cross Product
Z (k)

X (i)

B
F

Y (j)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

A = B x C

A is equal to B cross C

Apply the right hand rule

i
j

ixj=k

j x i = -k

ixi=0

jxk=i

k x j = -i

jxj=0

kxi=j

i x k = -j

kxk=0

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Right Hand Rule

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Right Hand Rule

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Right Hand Rule

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Right Hand Rule

. (answer for
yourself)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

A = B x C
= (Bx i + By j + Bz k) x (Cx i + Cy j + Cz k)
i
=

Bx

By

Bz

Cx

Cy

Cz

Bx

By

Bz

Bx

By

Cx

Cy

Cz

Cx

Cy

A = (By Cz Bz Cy)i + (Bz Cy Bx Cz)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

= (By Cz Bz Cy)i (Bx Cz Bz Cx)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

VECTOR AND SCALAR

A = B x C
= (Bx i + By j + Bz k) x (Cx i + Cy j + Cz k)
i
=

Bx

By

Bz

Cx

Cy

Cz

Full caution
for the +/- sign
and
subscripts

Bx

By

Bz

Bx

By

Cx

Cy

Cz

Cx

Cy

A = (By Cz Bz Cy)i + (Bz Cy Bx Cz)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

= (By Cz Bz Cy)i (Bx Cz Bz Cx)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Example:
Given : Figure 2
Z (k)

Required :

A
Mo

1. Mo (Moment at
point O)
2. My (Moment
about y axis)

X (i)

F = 100N

Y (j)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Solution:
Finding the vectors needed
F =F u
= 100

400i 250j 200k

(400 + 250 + 200 )
2

F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k

OA = 400j
OB = 400i + 150j 200k

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Z (k)

400i + 150j 200k

400j

Y (j)

Mo

X (i)

B
F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k
F = 100 N

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Mo = OA x F
=

400

-48.79

-39.04

78.07

Mo = -15616i 31228k

N.mm

Mo = 34914.86

N.mm

= cos-1 (-0.447) = 116.55 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0 = 90.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.894 = 26.57 0 (angle from z-axis)

VECTOR AND SCALAR

Mo = OB x F
=

400

150

-200

78.07

-48.79

-39.04

Mo = -15616i 31228k

N.mm

Mo = 34914.86

N.mm

= cos-1 (-0.447) = 116.55 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0 = 90.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.894 = 26.57 0 (angle from z-axis)