6 - NRG - Free Span

Pipeline Design Training
Free Span Analysis

10 August 2006
NRG ENGINEERING
training@nrgengineering.com
The Power to Deliver
Pipeline Design Training Module I Overview

August
2 2 August 28,
by Mr. 4Eng Bin NG
5
1
3
Pipe
Allowable
Applicable
Codes
On-bottom
Stability
(Concrete
Coating)
Design
Wall
Thickness
Design
Cathodic
Protection
Design
Expansion
Calculations
Free Span
Calculations
Flexibility
Analysis
Methodology
On-bottom
Roughness
Analysis
Use of
Spoilers for
Pipe Selfburial
&
Unconventional
against
Anchors, Wave
Liquefaction &
Earthquake
10
Pipeline
Construction
- Conventional
Pipeline
Protection
Installation
Engineering
(1/2)
Installation
Engineering
(2/2)
Workshop, revision, exercise
NRG ENGINEERING
27 May 2015
The Power to Deliver #2
Pipeline Design Training Module I Schedule

Weekending
Aug 4
Aug 11
Aug 18
Aug 25
1 2
28
10 11 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28
Applicable Codes, Wall Thickness

Design
On-bottom Stability (Concrete
Coating) Design
Pipe Expansion Calculations,
Flexibility Analysis Methodology
Allowable Free Span Calculations,
On-bottom Roughness Analysis
Pipeline Protection against Anchors,
Wave Liquefaction & Earthquake
Cathodic Protection Design
Today
Use of Spoilers for Pipe Self-burial

Pipeline Construction - Conventional
& Unconventional
Installation Engineering
Workshop, revision, exercise

NRG ENGINEERING
27 May 2015
Introduction
The pipeline span analysis is performed to determine
allowable pipeline free spans in installation, hydrotest and
operation conditions.
The allowable pipeline span is established from static load
considerations and dynamic (vortex shedding).
Static span design criteria are based on the allowable
bending stress for the pipeline. The static span calculations
take into account the pipeline weight, design pressure,
design temperature and additional forces due to current and
significant waves associated with the relevant return period.
The hydrodynamic loading is computed based on the design
water depth.
The vortex shedding calculations are based on the design
NRG ENGINEERING
27 May 2015
Power to Deliver #4
currents and significant waves
associated with theTherelevant
Static Span
The maximum allowable span length based on static stress
considerations are dependent on self-weight of the pipe and
coatings and the uniformly distributed load from the
environment.
The allowable static span length for a pipeline is calculated
by limiting the equivalent stress in the span to ab where
ab is the allowable bending stress based on the Von Mises
equation after deducting the axial stress.
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27 May 2015
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27 May 2015
Static Span (contd)

Where
ab
= Allowable Bending Stress (N/m2)
Ls
= Maximum static span (m)
= Second Moment of area (m4)
= Outside Diameter of Steel Pipe (m)
= Uniformly distributed load per unit length (N

= (Fv2 + FH2)0.5
Fv
= Total Vertical Force (N/m)

= Ws
FH
= Total Horizontal force (N/m)

=
NRG ENGINEERING
FD FI
27 May 2015
FD
=
=
FI
sw
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Drag Force (N/m)

0.5C D sw Dt (Vc U s cos ) 2
Inertia Force (N/m)
0.25C I sw Dt As sin
CD
Drag Coefficient
CI
Inertia Coefficient
Ws
Submerged pipe weight (N/m)
Density of seawater (kg/m3)
27 May 2015
Dt
Total outer diameter of pipe (m)
Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Vc
Horizontal steady current normal to pipe axis (m/s)
Us
velocity
As
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=
Wave induced horizontal water particle
normal to pipe axis (m/s)
Horizontal water particle acceleration normal to
the pipe axis (m/s2)
Wave phase angle (deg)
27 May 2015
The allowable bending stress is computed based on a fully

restrained pipeline, which gives the most critical span
requirement.
The allowable bending stress due to span effect is determined by
using the Von Mises equation. The allowable bending stress is
computed by setting the allowable equivalent stresses and
deducting the stress due to internal pressure, curvature and
temperature effect.
The pipe stresses must not exceed the allowable combined
stresses in all conditions. These allowable stresses are used in the
static span calculation to determine the allowable span length
with self-weight and 1 year and 100 year environmental loading.
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27 May 2015
Allowable combined stresses are presented below:

TABLE 4.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS CRITERIA
Description
Allowable Combined Stress

(%SMYS)
Installation
72
Hydrotest
90
Operation
90
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27 May 2015
Dynamic Span
The dynamic span is calculated by considering the vortex
induced vibration (VIV) from the flow velocity acting on the
pipeline.
The excitation due to vortex shedding is analysed in
accordance with Appendix A of 1981 DNV Rules of Submarine
Pipeline System (Ref. [2]). In this guideline, the pipeline is
designed for no vortex shedding vibration.
Under the guidelines of DNV 81 (Ref. [2]), to avoid the
occurrence of vortex shedding excitation, the maximum
permissible free-span length will be determined based on a
comparison of the frequency of vortex shedding and the
natural frequency of the pipe span.
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27 May 2015
The vortex shedding frequency is given by the formula:
S tU c
fv
Dt
Where:
fv
St
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Vortex shedding frequency (1/s)

Strouhal number
Uc
Flow velocity normal to pipeline (m/s)
Dt
Pipe diameter (total) (m)
27 May 2015
For determination of the velocity ranges where vortex

shedding induced oscillations may occur, a parameter
called the reduced velocity Vr, is used. Vr is defined as:
Vr
Where:
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Vr
Uc
f n Dt
Reduced velocity
Uc
Flow velocity normal to pipe axis (m/s)
fn
Natural frequency of pipe span (1/s)
Dt
Outer pipe diameter including coatings (m)
27 May 2015
The natural frequency of the free span is determined from:
C1
fn
2
here:
C1
E
=
=
EI
4
me L
1
2
Numerical constant dependent on end condit

Youngs modulus (N/m2)
2nd moment of area of pipe (m4)
me
Effective mass of pipe (kg/m)
Length of free-span (m)
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27 May 2015
The numerical constant, C1, which is dependent on the end

restraint conditions, varies over the range to 22.0 for end
conditions varying from simply supported to fully fixed. In
this case, C1 is taken as 15.4 (fixed/pinned condition).
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27 May 2015
The effective mass per unit length, me, is defined as:
me m p mc m a
Where: me
(kg/m)
mp
mc
mass
Mass of coated pipe in air (kg/m)
Mass of content (kg/m)
ma
=
=
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Effective
Added mass (kg/m)

mass of water displaced by the volume
of the coated pipe
27 May 2015
Another parameter controlling the response of the pipeline

is the stability parameter, Ks, defined as:
2me
Ks
w Dt
Where:
Ks
me
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Stability parameter (-)
=
=
Effective mass (kg/m)

Logarithmic decrement of structural
damping (-)
Dt
Outer pipe diameter including coatings (m)
Mass density of surrounding water (kg/m3)

27 May 2015
Types of Oscillations
Two types of oscillations may occur:
oscillations in-line with the velocity vector (in-line motion),
and
oscillations perpendicular to the velocity vector (cross-flow
motion).
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27 May 2015
In-Line Oscillations
Resonant in-line vortex shedding induced

oscillations may occur when 1.0 < Vr < 3.5 and
Ks < 1.8.
The flow velocity for the onset of in-line motion

is dependent on Ks. The relationship is given in
Figure A.3 of DNV 1981 Rules (Ref. [1]).
Depending on the flow velocity, the vortices

will either be shed symmetrically or,
alternatively, from either side of the pipe.
For 1.0 < Vr < 2.2 the shedding will be

symmetrical
For Vr > 2.2 the shedding will be asymmetrical.
The amplitude of the motions due to in-line

vortex excitation may be determined from
1981 DNV Rules (how?).
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27 May 2015
Cross-flow Oscillations
Cross-flow oscillations may occur for Ks < 16 and values of Vr as determined from DNV
1981 Rules.
The velocity for onset of cross-flow motion is dependent on the Reynolds Number of the
flow across the pipe span (See Figure A.5 of DNV 1981 (Ref. [1])).
The amplitude of the cross-flow motion is dependent on Ks, the stability parameter. The
maximum value, as predicted by the DNV approach, may be determined from 1981 DNV
Rules (how?).
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27 May 2015
The critical span length for a known set of environmental conditions

is calculated using the procedure given below:
Establish the value of Ks and hence determine the reduced velocity for
onset of in-line and cross-flow motion, Vr. Re-arrange and combine the
formulae given above to give an expression for the critical span length.
BDt Vr
U
c
Lcr
Where: Lcr
1
2
Critical free span length (m)

1
2
15.4 EI
2 me
Substitute the appropriate values in the above formula and determine
the critical span length for vortex induced span excitation.
NRG ENGINEERING
27 May 2015
Pipeline Design Training
Any questions?
NRG ENGINEERING
training@nrgengineering.com
The Power to Deliver

6 - NRG - Free Span

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Pipeline Design Training

Free Span Analysis

The Power to Deliver

Pipeline Design Training Module I Overview

Workshop, revision, exercise

The Power to Deliver #2

Pipeline Design Training Module I Schedule

Applicable Codes, Wall Thickness

Use of Spoilers for Pipe Self-burial

Workshop, revision, exercise

The Power to Deliver #3

The Power to Deliver #5

The Power to Deliver #6

Static Span (contd)

= Allowable Bending Stress (N/m2)

= Maximum static span (m)

= Second Moment of area (m4)

= Outside Diameter of Steel Pipe (m)

= Uniformly distributed load per unit length (N

= Total Vertical Force (N/m)

= Total Horizontal force (N/m)

The Power to Deliver #7

Drag Force (N/m)

Inertia Force (N/m)

Submerged pipe weight (N/m)

Density of seawater (kg/m3)

The Power to Deliver #8

Total outer diameter of pipe (m)

Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

Horizontal steady current normal to pipe axis (m/s)

The Power to Deliver #9

The allowable bending stress is computed based on a fully

The Power to Deliver #10

Allowable combined stresses are presented below:

Allowable Combined Stress

The Power to Deliver #11

The Power to Deliver #12

The vortex shedding frequency is given by the formula:

Vortex shedding frequency (1/s)

Flow velocity normal to pipeline (m/s)

Pipe diameter (total) (m)

The Power to Deliver #13

For determination of the velocity ranges where vortex

Flow velocity normal to pipe axis (m/s)

Natural frequency of pipe span (1/s)

Outer pipe diameter including coatings (m)

The Power to Deliver #14

The natural frequency of the free span is determined from:

Numerical constant dependent on end condit

2nd moment of area of pipe (m4)

Effective mass of pipe (kg/m)

Length of free-span (m)

The Power to Deliver #15

The numerical constant, C1, which is dependent on the end

The Power to Deliver #16

The effective mass per unit length, me, is defined as:

Mass of coated pipe in air (kg/m)

Mass of content (kg/m)

Added mass (kg/m)

The Power to Deliver #17

Another parameter controlling the response of the pipeline

Stability parameter (-)

Effective mass (kg/m)

Outer pipe diameter including coatings (m)