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GENETIKA

GOLONGAN DARAH

Dr. Sutyarso, M.Biomed


Bagian Ilmu Biomedik
Program Studi Kedokteran
Unila

DARAH, terdiri dari:


* SEL-SEL DARAH:
eritrosit, lekosit, trombosit
* PLASMA, terdiri dari:
- Zat makanan: glukosa, as. amino,
as.lemak, lemak dan

protein
- Antibodi
- Enzim
- Hormon
- Garam mineral
- Air (pelarut)

PROTEIN PLASMA:
ALBUMIN
Plasma hipertonis
GLOBULIN
dari cairan tubuh
PROTHROMBINE
PembekuFIBRINOGEN
an darah
THROMBOPLASTIN
Gamma-globulin antibodi

KEASAMAN PLASMA
* pH ARTERI = pH VENA
* BUFFER PLASMA:
Hb
60%
Oxy-Hb
Protein plasma
Bikarbonat
Fosfat

7,4

GOLONGAN DARAH ABO

SKEMA TRANSFUSI DARAH

PEMBAGIAN GOLONGAN DARAH

* BERDASARKAN RHESUS FACTOR


RH - DI DLM ERYTHROCYT TDK
ADA FAKTOR RH
RH + DI DLM ERYTHROCYT
TERDAPAT FAKTOR RH

IBU
RH-

BAPAK
RH+

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

II. BLOOD GROUPS AND


SERUM PROTEINS
For the most part, blood types and serum proteins are significant in providing individuality to people
Detectable differences and combinations of differences is provided by
detecting antigens, antibodies, and
their rections

Phenotipic identification in blood component composition can be used to


distinguish virtually anyone
Some blood groups such as ABO, have
significance for cross-matching in
preparation for transfutions
Rh factors, have an inherent crossmatching problem
Serum proteins, such as immunoglobulin, have great significance for general
and specific immunity

1. ABO Blood Groups


The symbols A, B, AB, and O are
used to represent phenotypes
All members of the allelic series
may be symbolized with the letter A
The allele responsible for A-type
blood is symbolized by A
Because this gene is dominant over
the allele a for O, an A-type individual may be homozygous AA or
heterozygous Aa

B-type is dependdent on the gene AB


which is also dominant over the
allele a
AB-type has only one genotype AAB
because A and AB are codominant
O-type is represented by the homozygous recessive genotype, aa
Subgroups have been discovered
within group A: A1, A2, dan A3; and
within group B: AB1, AB2, and AB3

If all subgroups are controlled by separate


alleles, a total of 7 alleles and 28 genotypes
are represented in the ABO locus, as
shown in Table 2:

Table 2 Phenotype, Alleles, and Corresponding


Genotypes for Multiple Alleles for Human Blood Types
Phenotyp
e

Alleles

A1, A2, A3

AB1, AB2, AB3

AB
O

A1, A2, A3
AB1, AB2, AB3
a

Genotypes
A1A1 , A1A2 , A1A3 , A2A2 , A2A3 , A3A3,
A1a, A2a, A3a
AB1AB1, AB1AB2, AB1AB3
AB2AB2, AB2AB3, AB3AB3
AB1a, AB2a, AB3 a
A1AB1, A1AB2, A1AB3
A2AB1, A2AB2, A2AB3
A3AB1, A3AB2, A3AB3
aa

Multiple Alleles
Golongan Darah
GEN

GENOTYPE

O A B

OO
AA
AO
BB
BO
AB

PHENOTYPE
(%population)
O (46%)
A (42%)
B (9%)
AB (3%)

GENOTYPE GOLONGAN
DARAH
HOMOZYGOT

DOMINAN: AA & BB
HOMOZYGOT RESESIF: 00
HETEROZYGOT: AO & BO
CO-DOMINAN (MULTIPLE ALLELES):
AB

Ayah heterozygot gol A menikah


dengan ibu heterozygot gol B
Perkawinan

AB
(gol AB)

BO
(gol B)

AO
(gol A)

OO
(gol O)

Ibu gol AB menikah dengan ayah


gol B heterozygot
perkawinan

AB
(gol AB)

AO
(gol A)

BB
(gol B)

BO
(gol B)

2. Rh System
The Rh factor was discovered in 1940
by K. Landsteiner and A.S Wiener
The symbol Rh come from the first
two letters of the species name of the
monkey (rhesus)
In accordance with the Rh system
humans are divided into 2 groups:
Rh+ 85-90% ; Rh- 10-15%

Rh+ individuals possess Rh antigen


in the erythrocyte membrane, but no
antibody against Rh in the blood
plasma
Rh- individuals do not possess Rh
antigen in the erythrocyte membrane,
and also no antibody against Rh in
the blood plasma
Rh- individuals must always be transfused with Rh- blood to avoid immunization and susequent reactions

A single pair of alleles, R and r, was


postulated to account for the difference between Rh+ and Rh-individuals
Wiener developed a hypothesis based
on a series of multiple alleles (Table 3)
On the other hand, R.R. Race and
R.A. Fisher explained the same data
on the basis of three pairs of genes
(C, D, and E) located near each other
on the same chromosome

The CDE multiple gene model is more


simple and is more widely used in blood
banks, hospitals, and medical practice
than the multiple allele model

Table 3 Rh Blood-group Syatem. Symbols used by Fisher, Race, and Others


on the Hypothesis of Three Closely Linked Gene Loci are Given with Those
of Wiener on the Hypothesis of Multiple Alleles
Fisher
and
Race
Notation
s
(Three)
Genes
Alleles
CDe
cDE
cDe
CDE
CdE
Cde
cde
cdE

Rh Blood

Type
Rh1
Rh2
Rh0
Rhz
rh
rh
rh
rhy

Notation
s
(One)
Gene
Alleles
R1
R2
Ro
Rz
r
r
r
ry

Approximate
Frequencies
of Blood Type
in Caucasian
Populations
(percent)
41
14
3
Rare
39
1
1
Very rare

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