UNIT-2

REPRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM
STRUCUTRE
MODELS FOR REPRESENTING
SYSTEM
RN.KARTHIKA
VMP-401

OVERVIEW
MATHEMATICAL

MODEL
GRAPHICAL MODEL
HIERARCHICAL OR NETWORK
MODEL

OBJECTIVE
They

provide a natural
framework for the design of new
system.
Specialized techniques that have
been developed in one field can
be transferred between research
communities and exploited more
widely

INTRODUCTION
The

different models are

organized into a organisation
chart or a tree like diagrams
The models are the flexible way
of representing objects and their
relationships.
They provide a natural tool for
dealing with problems.

Mathematical
Modeling?

Mathematical

modeling seeks to
gain an understanding of science
through the use of mathematical
models on HP computers

Mathematical modeling involves

teamwork

Mathematical Modeling
Complements, but does not
replace, theory and
experimentation in scientific
research.
Experiment

Theory

Computation

Mathematical Modeling
Process

MATHEMATICAL MODEL
PROCESSING
1.

Identify Real-World Problem:Understand

current activity and predict future behavior.
2. Working Model : describe important aspects
of
Real World Problem; deter mine those
factors that can be neglected.
State simplifying assumptions.
Determine governing principles, physical laws.
Identify model variables and inter-relationships
3.Mathematical Model: In general, the success of
a mathematical model depends on how easy it is
to use and how accurately it predicts.

4.Computational Model: Change Mathematical

Model into a form suit able for computational
solution.
Existence of unique solution
Choice of the numerical method
Choice of the algorithm
Software

5.Results/Conclusions: : Run Computational

Model to obtain Results; draw Conclusions.
Verify your computer program; use check
cases; explore ranges of validity.
Graphs, charts, and other visualization tools are
useful in summarizing results and drawing
conclusions.

GRAPHICAL MODEL
Graphical

models are a marriage

between probability theory and
graph theory.
Two problems that occur throughout
applied mathematics and
engineering -- uncertainty and
complexity.
In particular they are playing an
increasingly important role in the
design and analysis .

GRAPHICAL MODEL
The

idea of a graphical model is

the notion of modularity .
Mixture models, factor analysis,
hidden Markov models, Kalman
filters and Ising models these are
the examples of graphical model.
The graphical model framework
provides a way to view all of
these systems as instances

ADVANTAGE OF THE VIEW:

In

particular, specialized techniques

that have been developed in one
field can be transferred between
research communities and
exploited more widely.
Moreover, the graphical model
formalism provides a natural
framework for the design of new
systems.--- Michael Jordan, 1998

HIERARCHICAL MODEL
Employee

Job assignment

Comparison

Performan
ce ratings

Salary
history

Pensio
n

Benefits

Lifeins
urance

HIERARCHICAL MODEL
We

can still find older systems

that are based on a hierarchical
or network data model.
A hierarchical database
model is a data model in which
the data is organized into a treelike structure.

Within

a record each data elements

are organised in to a pieces of
records called segments.
To user each record looks like an
organisation chart with one top level
segment called the root.

EXAMPLE FOR HIERARCHICAL

MODEL

EXAMPLE FOR HIERARCHICAL

MODEL
In

a database an entity type is the

equivalent of a table. Each individual
record is represented as a row, and each
attribute as a column.
Entity types are related to each other
using 1:N mappings, also known as one-tomany relationships.
This model is recognized as the first
database model created by IBM in the
1960s.
Currently the most widely used hierarchical
databases are IMS developed by IBM and
Windows Registry by Microsoft.

NETWORK MODEL
The

network model's original

inventor was Charles Bachman,
and it was developed into a
standard specification published in
1969 by the CODASYL Consortium.
The network model is a
database model conceived as a
flexible way of representing
objects and their relationships.

Its

distinguishing feature is that

the schema, viewed as a graph .
Object types are nodes and
relationship types are arcs.

STUDY

CASE

Earthquake or burglary?
Mr.

Rajini is in his office

He receives a call from his neighbor that the

alarm of his house went off.
He thinks that somebody broke into his
house.
Afterwards

he hears an announcement
from radio that a small earthquake just
happened
Since the alarm has been going off during an
earthquake.
He concludes it is more likely that earthquake
causes the alarm.

Earthquake or burglary?
Earthquake

Burglary

Alarm

Call

Newscast

BY THIS EXAMPLE CAN U

PPL GUESS WHAT
MODEL THIS
REPRESENTS ?

A Bigger Example: Most

Economical
Size
Let us have a go
at building and using a

mathematical model to solve a real world

problem.
Your company is going to make its
own boxes!
It has been decided the box should
hold0.02m3(0.02 cubic meters which is
equal to 20 liters) of nuts and bolts.
The box should have a square base, and
double thickness top and bottom.
Cardboard costs$0.30per square meter.
It is up to you to decide the most
economical size.

Step One: Draw a sketch!

It

helps to sketch out what you are

trying to solve!
The base is square, so we
will just use "w" for both lengths.
The box has 4 sides, and double
tops and bottoms.
The box shape could be cut out like
this (but would probably be more
complicated):

Step Two: Make Formulas.

Ignoring thickness for this model:
Volume=wwh =w2h
And we are told that the volume

should be 0.02m3:
w2h = 0.02
Areas:
Area of the 4 Sides=4wh =4wh
Area of Double Tops and
Bases=4ww =4w2
Total cardboard needed:
Area of Cardboard =4wh +4w 2

Step Three: Make a Single

Formula For Cost

We want a single formula for cost:

Cost = $0.30 Area of Cardboard
=$0.30 (4wh +4w2)
And that is the cost when we know widthandheight.
That could be hard to work with ... a function with two
variables.
But we can make it simpler! Because width and height are
already related by the volume:
Volume=w2h = 0.02
... which can be rearranged to ...
h = 0.02/w2
... and that can be put into the cost formula ...
Cost=$0.30 (4w0.02/w2+4w2)
And now the cost is related directly towidth only.
With a little simplification we get:
Cost=$0.30 (0.08/w+4w2)

Step Four: Plot it and find

What
to plot? Well, the formula
only makes sense for widths greater
minimum
cost
than zero, and I also found that for widths above 0.5 the cost just
gets bigger and bigger.
So here is a plot of that cost formula forwidths between 0.0 m
and 0.55m:

Plot of y=0.3(0.08/x+4x2)
xis width, andyis cost
Just by eye, I see the cost reaches a minimum at about(0.22,
0.17). In other words:
when the width is about0.22 m(x-value),
the minimum cost is about$0.17per box (y-value).
In fact, looking at the graph, the width could be anywhere between
0.20 and 0.24 without affecting the minimum cost very much.

Step Five: Recommendations

Using this mathematical model you can now recommend:
Width = 0.22 m
Height = 0.02/w2= 0.02/0.222= 0.413 m
Cost =$0.30 (0.08/w+ 4w2) = $0.30 (0.08/0.22+
40.222) = $0.167
Or about 16.7 cents per box
But any width between 0.20 m and 0.24 m would be fine.
You might also like to suggest improvements to this
model:
Include cost of glue/staples and assembly
Include wastage when cutting box shape from
cardboard.
Is this box a good shape for packing, handling and
storing?
Any other ideas you may have!

HEY FRIENDZ CAN U

IDENTIFY WHAT MODEL
IS THIS

FAQS
2

mark
1.Differentiate between mathematical
model and graphical model for
represnting systems?(June-2012)
16 mark (June-2012)
1.Enumerate on the following
hierarchical models
i)tree diagram
ii)organization chart

SUMMARY
Graphical

model is a combination of
probability theory and graph theory.
Two problems faced in this model are
uncertinity and complexity.
Graphical model provides a natural frame
work for the design of new system.
A hierarchical database model is a data
model in which the data is organized into
a tree-like structure.
Network model is a flexible way of
representing objets and relationship

GLOSSARY
Hierarchical:Older logical db model that
organizes data in a tree like structure.
Network:Older logical db model that is
useful for depicating many-to-many
relationship.
Legacy system:System that has been in
existance for a long time,used to avoid
high cost of replacing or redesign.

REFERENCE

S.NO
AUTHOR NAME
CHAPTER
PAGE

1.

KENNETH C.LAUDON
227,229
JANE P.LAUDON

BOOK NAME
MANAGING THE
DIGITAL FIRM.

EDITION
8TH

PUBLISHER PLACE YEAR

PHI DELHI

04