MEIOSIS

AN OVERVIEW OF PROCESS IN
MEIOSIS

UNDERSTANDING
MEIOSIS

TRAIT INHERITANCE IN OFFSPRING

FOR THE CONTINUATION OF LIFE

MAINTAINING THE DIPLOID CHROMOSOMAL

NUMBER FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
AND THE NECESSITY FOR HAPLOID GAMETE

MEIOSIS

THE TYPE OF CELL THAT

UNDERGO MEIOSIS

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS

STAGES IN MEIOSIS

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING MEIOSIS I

AND MEIOSIS II

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING MEIOSIS

AND MITOSIS

The significance of
Meiosis
Meiosis is an important part of sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation among the
offspring.
offspring of
chromatid

Genetic variation refers to the different characteristics

inherited by the offspring.
Genetic variation is important for the survival of a species
(WHY?)

BECAUSE
If all the members of a species were
identical, then a sudden imergence of a
new virus or a desease would affect all the
members in the same way and could kill
them all.
BUT
If some individuals were slightly different
from the others, they might be resistant
to the virus or disease and survive.

Imagine if
Fantasy world
500 soldier -> soil soldier
Your enemy simply can destroy your soldier
by water
But if your soldier made up with soil,
water and many more substances
(combination of genes through meiosis)
Your soldier become more powerful

Meiosis makes genetic

variations possible in this ways:

Cross over
In prophase I (chiasmata)

Produces new genes combinations in both chromosomes.

Reductions and fusions of gametes
Meiosis produces haploid gametes
In sexual reproduction, n of male gamete fertilize n of female gamete -> Thus, meiosis
produced new genes combination between 2 different individual.
Independent and random assortment
During metaphase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the equator

It is by chance which way round each pair lies, before this homologous pairs of
chromosomes separate into 2 different daughter cells.

The Definition of
Meiosis
Meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis) is a
process of reduction division in
which the number of chromosomes
per cell is cut in half
Parents(2n) -> gamete (n)
Diploid (2n) -> haploid (n)

 Meiosis involves: A single duplication of chromosomes in

the parent cells to produce haploid sex
gametes (sperms or eggs/ova)

In animals (human), meiosis always

results in the formation of gametes.

 Meiosis is a specialized type of a

cell division that occurs during the
formation of gametes
(happened in sexual organisms)

2 cycles of cell divisions:

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

Meiosis I

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

(PakMAT)

Meiosis II

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

Typically similar with the process of mitosis.

The difference is meiosis process will produce 4
(n) daughter cells but mitosis only produce 2 (2n)
daughter cells.

Interphase
Not part of meiosis
It is similar to the interphase of mitosis
Chromosome replicate (in S phase of the
cell cycle)
Chromosomes are not visible, but are in
the form of chromatin granules
Centriole pairs also replicates

Meiosis I
Early Prophase I
Chromosomes condensed, and split
into 2 chromatids.
Chromatids of a same chromosomes
called sister chromatids
Centriole pairs move to opposite
poles of the nucleus
Nucleolus disappears.

(1) Chromatid. One

of the two copies
of the chromosome
after S phase.
(2) Centromere.
The point where
the two chromatids
touch, and where
the microtubules
attach.
(3) Short arm
(4) Long arm.

Meiosis I
Prophase I

Meiosis I
Late Prophase I
DNA replication precedes the start of meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses (pairing
of homologous chromosomes), a step unique to meiosis.
The paired chromosomes are called bivalents.
The formation of chiasmata (breakoff and exchange
sections of chromatids) caused by genetic recombination
becomes apparent.
This swapping of chromatids material is called crossing
-over.
The bivalent (tetrad) has two chromosomes and four
chromatids which is coming from each parent.
By the end of prophase I, the nuclear membrane dissapear

Meiosis I
Prometaphase I

Meiosis I
Prometaphase I
The nuclear membrane disappears.
One kinetochore forms per
chromosome rather than one per
chromatid
The chromosomes attached to
spindle fibers begin to move.

Meiosis I
Metaphase I

Meiosis I
Metaphase I
Bivalents, each composed of two
chromosomes (four chromatids) align at
the metaphase plate.
The orientation is random, with either
parental homologue on a side.
This means that there is a 50-50 chance
for the daughter cells to get either the
mother's or father's homologue for each
chromosome.

Meiosis I
Anaphase I

Meiosis I
Anaphase I
Chiasmata separate.
Chromosomes, each with two
chromatids, move to separate poles.
Each of the daughter cells is now
haploid [23 chromosomes (n) ]
But each chromosome has two
chromatids.

Meiosis I
Telophase I

Meiosis I
Telophase I
Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the
spindle and the spindle fibres disappear
The nuclear membrane reforms around each group
of haploid (n) chromosomes.
Cytokinesis will occurs to produce 2 haploid (n=2)
cells
Usually the chromosomes stay in their condensed
form and the cell may quickly start meiosis II.

Meiosis I
Cytokinesis

Applied of meiosis in humans

gamete formation
(Reproduction)

A continuous process with two main

divisions

Similarities between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Each division consists of four phases
:: prophase
:: metaphase
:: anaphase
:: telophase
Both involve nuclear divisions

Similarities between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Both involve cytokinesis
Both have chromatids
Spindle fibres guide the movement of
chromosomes to opposite poles

Differences between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
2n chromosomes reduced Chiasma forms and
to n
crossing over takes place

Homologous chromosomes
synapse

No replication

Differences between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Paired homologous chromosomes
tetrads
( bivalents) align at the equator

Sister chromatids align at the

equator

Differences between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Separation of sister
Separation of
chromatids to opposite homologous
poles
chromosomes to
opposite poles

Differences between
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Two cytokinesis
Single cytokinesis

Two non-identical cells

produced
Four non-identical cells
produced

Similarities between
Mitosis and Meiosis
- Both involve cell divisions
- Both start from diploid cells
- Chromosomes duplicate only once
- Both involve the separation of chromatids in
anaphase of mitosis and in anaphase II
- Both follow similar phases

Differences between
Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis

Produce gametes for sexual

reproduction

All daughter cells produced are

genetically identical

Synapsis does not happen

Four cells are produced

Primary spermatocytes and

oocytes of male and female
reproductive organs
( gonads ) respectively

Single row of chromosomes align

at the equator

Mitosis

Differences between
Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis
Double row of
chromosomes align at the
equator during metaphase

Daughter cells are genetically

different from parent cell
and from each other

Two number of cells are

produced

Consist of somatic cells

New cells are produced

from old

Four number of cells are

produced

Fomation of chiasma takes

place

Cytokinesis occurs only

once

Mitosis

CHAPTER 5: CELL
DIVISION
5.2 MEIOSIS

THE IMPORTANCE OF
MEIOTIC CELL
DIVISION
MAINTAINING THE DIPLOID
NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES

REDUCE THE RISK IN

INHERITS THE DISEASES

MEIOSIS

GENETIC VARIATION
GIVES DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS FOR
THE NEW GENERATION